摘要:
Method for preparing a filtration membrane and a filtration membrane prepared by the method. According to one embodiment, the method involves casting a polymer solution onto a porous support to form a coated support. The coated support is then quenched to form a membrane/support composite, and the membrane/support composite is then dried. Next, a first end of a first piece of adhesive tape is applied to the membrane side of the composite, and the second end of the first piece of adhesive tape is applied to a first rotatable winder. In addition, a first end of a second piece of adhesive tape is applied to the support side of the composite, and the second end of the second piece of adhesive tape is applied to a second rotatable winder. The two winders are then rotated so as to pull apart the membrane from the support.
摘要:
Method for preparing a filtration membrane and a filtration membrane prepared by the method. According to one embodiment, the method involves casting a polymer solution onto a porous support to form a coated support. The coated support is then quenched to form a membrane/support composite, and the membrane/support composite is then dried. Next, a first end of a first piece of adhesive tape is applied to the membrane side of the composite, and the second end of the first piece of adhesive tape is applied to a first rotatable winder. In addition, a first end of a second piece of adhesive tape is applied to the support side of the composite, and the second end of the second piece of adhesive tape is applied to a second rotatable winder. The two winders are then rotated so as to pull apart the membrane from the support.
摘要:
A composite polyamide reverse osmosis membrane. The membrane includes a microporous support and a polyamide layer disposed over the microporous support, the polyamide layer including iodine atoms covalently bonded thereto. The membrane is preferably prepared by a process that includes the steps of providing a microporous support, forming a polyamide layer over the microporous support, and treating the polyamide layer with an aqueous solution comprising a compound, the compound comprising at least one iodine atom. Examples of the compound comprising at least one iodine atom include molecular iodine, iodine monobromide, iodine monochloride and iodine trichloride. The iodine-containing compound may be added to an aqueous solution and dissolved therein or may be formed in situ in the aqueous solution, for example, by adding to the aqueous solution an iodide salt and an oxidizing agent.
摘要:
A dual phase, high strength steel having a composite microstructure of soft and hard phases providing a low yield ratio, high strain capacity, superior weldability, and high toughness is provided. The dual phase steel includes from about 10% by volume to about 60% by volume of a first phase or constituent consisting essentially of fine-grained ferrite. The first phase has a ferrite mean grain size of about 5 microns or less. The dual phase steel further includes from about 40% by volume to about 90% by volume of a second phase or constituent comprising fine-grained martensite, fine-grained lower bainite, fine-grained granular bainite, fine-grained degenerate upper bainite, or any mixture thereof. Methods for making the same are also provided.
摘要:
A selective membrane having a high fouling resistance. In one embodiment, the selective membrane is a composite polyamide reverse osmosis membrane in which a hydrophilic coating is applied to the polyamide layer of the membrane, the hydrophilic coating being made by covalently bonding a hydrophilic compound to residual acid chlorides of the polyamide membrane, the hydrophilic compound including (i) at least one reactive group that is adapted to covalently bond directly to the polyamide membrane, the at least one reactive group being at least one of a primary amine and a secondary amine; and (ii) at least one hydrophilic group, the at least one hydrophilic group being selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, a carbonyl group, a trialkoxysilane group, an anionic group and a tertiary amino group; (iii) wherein the hydrophilic compound is devoid of a polyalkylene oxide group.
摘要:
A composite polyamide reverse osmosis membrane and method of producing same. In one embodiment, the membrane is made by coating a porous polysulfone support for about 40 seconds with an aqueous solution containing (i) a polyfunctional primary or secondary amine in the form of 1.6 wt. % of meta-phenylenediamine (MPD), (ii) a polyfunctional tertiary amine in the form of 0.4 wt. % N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-1,6-hexanediamine (TMHD), and (iii) a polar solvent in the form of 0.2 wt. % 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol (EHD). Next, the excess aqueous solution is removed, and the coated support is dipped for about 1 minute in a 0.1 wt. % organic solvent solution of trimesoyl chloride (TMC) in a mixture of alkanes having from 8 to 12 carbon atoms. After draining the organic solvent solution off, the resulting composite membrane is air dried at room temperature for about 1 minute and then rinsed in a 0.2% Na2CO3 aqueous solution for 30 minutes at room temperature. The resultant membrane exhibits a flux of 46.5 gfd and a salt rejection of 97.1% when used at 225 psi for an aqueous solution containing 2000 ppm of NaCl. In another embodiment, instead of including a polyfunctional tertiary amine in the aqueous solution, there is included the reaction product of a polyfunctional tertiary amine and a strong acid, preferably in a ratio ranging from greater than 1:0, respectively, to less than or equal to 1:(0.95)n, respectively, where n is the number of tertiary functional groups in the polyfunctional tertiary amine.
摘要:
An improved composite polyamide membrane and methods of making the membrane are described. This improved membrane is prepared using a cationic polymeric wetting agent in an aqueous solution containing a polyfunctional amine reactant which is interfacially polymerized with an acyl halide to form a thin film polyamide discriminating layer on a microporous support. Alternatively, the wetting agent can be applied directly to the substrate and the interfacial polymerization can occur on said treated substrate. The resulting membrane exhibits an unexpected combination of high water flux, high rejection of divalent anion salts, variable sodium chloride rejection and good caustic resistance at low operating pressures. In one embodiment of this invention, a porous substrate is first treated with an aqueous piperazine solution containing a copolymer of vinylbenzyl dimethyl sulfonium chloride and methacrylic acid and then the coated microporous support is contacted with trimesoyl chloride in an organic solvent.
摘要:
A selective membrane having a high fouling resistance. In one embodiment, the selective membrane is a composite polyamide reverse osmosis membrane in which a hydrophilic coating is applied to the polyamide layer of the membrane, the hydrophilic coating being made by covalently bonding a hydrophilic compound to residual acid chlorides of the polyamide membrane, the hydrophilic compound including (i) at least one reactive group that is adapted to covalently bond directly to the polyamide membrane, the at least one reactive group being at least one of a primary amine and a secondary amine; and (ii) at least one non-terminal hydroxyl group.
摘要:
A selective membrane having a high fouling resistance. In one embodiment, the selective membrane is a composite polyamide reverse osmosis membrane in which a hydrophilic coating is applied to the polyamide layer of the membrane, the hydrophilic coating being made by covalently bonding a hydrophilic compound to residual acid chlorides of the polyamide membrane, the hydrophilic compound including (i) at least one reactive group that is adapted to covalently bond directly to the polyamide membrane, the at least one reactive group being at least one of a primary amine and a secondary amine; and (ii) at least one hydrophilic group, the at least one hydrophilic group being selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, a carbonyl group, a trialkoxysilane group, an anionic group and a tertiary amino group; (iii) wherein the hydrophilic compound is devoid of a polyalkylene oxide group.
摘要:
A composite polyamide reverse osmosis membrane and method of producing same. In a preferred embodiment, the membrane is made by coating a porous polysulfone support with an aqueous solution containing 2 wt % m-phenylenediamine (MPD), and 0.1 wt % di(ethylene glycol) hexyl methyl ether. Next, the excess solution is removed, and the coated support is dipped in 0.1 wt % organic solvent solution of trimesoyl chloride (TMC) in a mixture of alkanes having from 8 to 12 carbon atoms. After draining the TMC solution off, the resulting composite membrane is air dried and then rinsed in a basic aqueous solution. The resultant membrane exhibits a flux of 21.3 gfd and a salt rejection of 98.9% when used at 225 psi for an aqueous solution containing 2000 ppm of NaCl.