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    Fixation by ion exchange of toxic materials in a glass matrix
    1.
    发明授权
    Fixation by ion exchange of toxic materials in a glass matrix 失效
    通过玻璃基质中有毒物质的离子交换固定

    公开(公告)号：US4469628A

    公开(公告)日：1984-09-04

    申请号：US370437

    申请日：1982-04-21

    申请人： Catherine J. Simmons ,  Joseph H. Simmons ,  Pedro B. Macedo ,  Theodore A. Litovitz

    发明人： Catherine J. Simmons ,  Joseph H. Simmons ,  Pedro B. Macedo ,  Theodore A. Litovitz

    IPC分类号： B01D15/00 ,  B01J39/02 ,  B01J39/10 ,  B01J39/14 ,  C02F1/42 ,  G21F9/12 ,  G21F9/16 ,  G21F9/30 ,  C09K3/00 ,  C09K11/04

    CPC分类号： C03C1/002 ,  B01J39/14 ,  C03C1/026 ,  C03C11/005 ,  C03C21/001 ,  C03C23/0095 ,  C03C3/06 ,  C03C3/061 ,  C03C3/089 ,  G21F9/12 ,  G21F9/305 ,  C03C2201/10 ,  C03C2201/20 ,  C03C2201/23 ,  C03C2201/3435 ,  C03C2201/40 ,  C03C2201/50

    摘要： This invention relates to the immobilization of toxic, e.g., radioactive, materials in a silicate glass or silica gel matrix for extremely long periods of time. Toxic materials, such as radioactive wastes containing radioactive cations, which may be in the form of liquids, or solids dissolved or dispersed in liquids or gases, are incorporated into a glass or silica gel matrix, having alkali metal, Group Ib metal and/or ammonium cations bonded to silicon atoms of said glass or silica gel through divalent oxygen linkages, by a process which involves the ion exchange of said toxic or radioactive cations with said alkali metal, Group Ib metal and/or ammonium cations to bind said toxic or radioactive cations to silicon atoms of said glass or silica gel through said silicon-bonded divalent oxygen linkages. Thereafter, the resulting glass or silica gel now characterized by toxic or radioactive cations bonded to silicon atoms through divalent oxygen linkages can be stored, or packaged in suitable containers, or disposed of as by burial, and/or sintered to collapse the pores thereof.

    摘要翻译： 本发明涉及将硅酸盐玻璃或硅胶基质中的有毒的，例如放射性物质固定在极长时间内。 将含有放射性阳离子的放射性废物（其可以是液体的形式）或溶解或分散在液体或气体中的固体的有毒材料掺入玻璃或硅胶基质中，其具有碱金属，Ib族金属和/或 通过涉及所述有毒或放射性阳离子与所述碱金属，第Ib族金属和/或铵阳离子离子交换以结合所述有毒或放射性的方法的方法，通过二价氧键与所述玻璃或硅胶的硅原子键合的铵阳离子 通过所述硅键合的二价氧键与所述玻璃或硅胶的硅原子的阳离子。 此后，所得到的玻璃或硅胶的特征在于通过二价氧键与硅原子键合的有毒或放射性阳离子，可以储存或包装在合适的容器中，或通过埋置和/或烧结来处理以使其孔隙折叠。

    Fixation of radioactive materials in a glass matrix
    2.
    发明授权
    Fixation of radioactive materials in a glass matrix 失效
    玻璃基质中放射性物质的固定

    公开(公告)号：US4362659A

    公开(公告)日：1982-12-07

    申请号：US76444

    申请日：1979-09-17

    申请人： Pedro B. Macedo ,  Joseph H. Simmons ,  Theodore A. Litovitz

    发明人： Pedro B. Macedo ,  Joseph H. Simmons ,  Theodore A. Litovitz

    IPC分类号： C03C4/00 ,  C03C23/00 ,  G21F9/30 ,  G21F9/02

    CPC分类号： C03C1/002 ,  C03C23/0095 ,  C03C4/00 ,  G21F9/305

    摘要： This invention relates to radioactive materials which are fixed, stored, entrapped, encapsulated, or otherwise rendered immobile in a glass matrix for extremely long periods of time. Radioactive material such as radioactive wastes are incorporated into a glass matrix by a process of "molecular stuffing" a porous glass either with a radioactive gas which is tapered in the porous glass by dissolution during sintering of the pores of the glass, or with a salt solution containing radioactive material such as CsNO.sub.3, Sr(NO.sub.3), etc., or with a combination of both salt solution and radioactive gas, followed by drying and sintering of the pores of the glass whereby these radioactive materials upon chemical change to their oxides, excepting of course the noble gases which remain in molecular form, become a part of the integrated glass structure.The resulting glass article may have the radioactive material dispersed essentially homogeneously throughout the glass article, or there may be a layer free of such radioactive waste material over the entire surface of the glass article. In either case such glass articles demonstrate an extremely slow diffusion of the encapsulated radioactive material to the surrounding area.

    摘要翻译： 本发明涉及在玻璃基质中固定，储存，包埋，封装或以其它方式固定在放射性物质中的放射性物质。 放射性物质如放射性废物通过“分子填充”多孔玻璃的方法加入到玻璃基质中，该多孔玻璃或者通过在玻璃的孔的烧结期间溶解而在多孔玻璃中逐渐变细的放射性气体，或与盐 含有诸如CsNO 3，Sr（NO 3）等放射性物质的溶液，或与盐溶液和放射性气体两者的组合，然后干燥和烧结玻璃孔，由此这些放射性物质在化学改变为其氧化物时， 除了保留分子形式的惰性气体当然，成为一体化玻璃结构的一部分。 所得到的玻璃制品可以具有基本上均匀地分散在整个玻璃制品中的放射性材料，或者在玻璃制品的整个表面上可以存在没有这种放射性废料的层。 在任一种情况下，这种玻璃制品表现出包封的放射性物质极其扩散到周围区域。

    Fixation of radioactive materials in a glass matrix
    3.
    发明授权
    Fixation of radioactive materials in a glass matrix 失效
    玻璃基质中放射性物质的固定

    公开(公告)号：US4224177A

    公开(公告)日：1980-09-23

    申请号：US884371

    申请日：1978-03-09

    申请人： Pedro B. Macedo ,  Joseph H. Simmons ,  Theodore A. Litovitz

    发明人： Pedro B. Macedo ,  Joseph H. Simmons ,  Theodore A. Litovitz

    IPC分类号： C03C4/00 ,  C03C23/00 ,  G21F9/30 ,  G21F9/16

    CPC分类号： C03C1/002 ,  C03C23/0095 ,  C03C4/00 ,  G21F9/305

    摘要： This invention relates to radioactive materials which are fixed, stored, entrapped, encapsulated, or otherwise rendered immobile in a glass matrix for extremely long periods of time. Radioactive material such as radioactive wastes are incorporated into a glass matrix by a process of "molecular stuffing" a porous glass either with a radioactive gas which is trapped in the porous glass by dissolution during sintering of the pores of the glass, or with a salt solution containing radioactive material such as CsNO.sub.3, Sr(NO.sub.3), etc., or with a combination of both salt solution and radioactive gas, followed by drying and sintering of the pores of the glass whereby these radioactive materials upon chemical change to their oxides, excepting of course the noble gases which remain in molecular form, become a part of the integrated glass structure.The resulting glass article may have the radioactive material dispersed essentially homogeneously throughout the glass article, or there may be a layer free of such radioactive waste material over the entire surface of the glass article. In either case such glass articles demonstrate an extremely slow diffusion of the encapsulated radioactive material to the surrounding area.

    摘要翻译： 本发明涉及在玻璃基质中固定，储存，包埋，封装或以其它方式固定在放射性物质中的放射性物质。 放射性物质如放射性废物通过“分子填充”多孔玻璃的方法引入到玻璃基体中，该多孔玻璃或者是通过在玻璃的孔的烧结期间溶解而被捕获在多孔玻璃中的放射性气体，或者与盐 含有诸如CsNO 3，Sr（NO 3）等放射性物质的溶液，或与盐溶液和放射性气体两者的组合，然后干燥和烧结玻璃孔，由此这些放射性物质在化学改变为氧化物时， 除了保留分子形式的惰性气体当然，成为一体化玻璃结构的一部分。 所得到的玻璃制品可以具有基本上均匀地分散在整个玻璃制品中的放射性材料，或者在玻璃制品的整个表面上可以存在没有这种放射性废料的层。 在任一种情况下，这种玻璃制品表现出包封的放射性物质极其扩散到周围区域。

    Fixation by anion exchange of toxic materials in a glass matrix
    4.
    发明授权
    Fixation by anion exchange of toxic materials in a glass matrix 失效
    通过玻璃基质中有毒物质的阴离子交换固定

    公开(公告)号：US4544499A

    公开(公告)日：1985-10-01

    申请号：US386215

    申请日：1982-06-07

    申请人： Danh C. Tran ,  Pedro B. Macedo ,  Joseph H. Simmons ,  Catherine J. Simmons ,  Nicholas Lagakos

    发明人： Danh C. Tran ,  Pedro B. Macedo ,  Joseph H. Simmons ,  Catherine J. Simmons ,  Nicholas Lagakos

    IPC分类号： G21F9/30 ,  G21F9/36 ,  G21F9/16

    CPC分类号： C03C11/005 ,  C03C1/002 ,  C03C1/026 ,  C03C21/001 ,  C03C23/0095 ,  C03C3/06 ,  C03C3/061 ,  C03C3/089 ,  G21F9/305 ,  G21F9/36 ,  C03C2201/10 ,  C03C2201/20 ,  C03C2201/23 ,  C03C2201/3411 ,  C03C2201/3423 ,  C03C2201/3429 ,  C03C2201/40 ,  C03C2201/54 ,  C03C2201/60

    摘要： This invention relates to the immobilization of toxic, e.g., radioactive materials, internally in a silicate glass or silica gel matrix for extremely long periods of time. Toxic materials, such as radioactive wastes containing radioactive anions, and in some cases cations, which may be in the form of liquids, or solids dissolved or dispersed in liquids or gases, are internally incorporated into a glass matrix, having hydrous organofunctionalsiloxy groups, e.g., hydrous aminoalkylsiloxy or carboxyorganosiloxy, bonded to silicon atoms of said glass and/or hydrous polyvalent metals bonded to silicon atoms of said glass through divalent oxygen linkages or otherwise immobilized therein, by a process which involves the ion exchange of said toxic, radioactive anions with hydroxyl groups attached to said organofunctionalsiloxy groups or with hydroxyl groups attached to the hydrous polyvalent metal. Thereafter, the resulting glass now characterized by a distribution of internally bonded or immobilized, toxic, radioactive anions can be packaged in suitable containers, and disposed of as by burial, and/or they can be sintered to collapse the pores thereof to disposal or for producing useful radiation sources. The porous glass or a porous silica gel having said silicon-bonded organofunctionalsiloxy groups and/or said hydrous polyvalent metal oxy groups, the pores of said glass or silica gel remaining open and uncollapsed, can be used advantageously as a backfill for an underground radioactive waste burial site and as overpack in the waste disposal container. Also included is a novel method for bonding the polyvalent metal to the porous silica glass or gel by substituting the protons of the silicon-bonded hydroxyl groups thereof with an alkali metal or ammonium cation followed by displacement of said cation with the non-radioactive polyvalent metal cation.

    摘要翻译： 本发明涉及在硅酸盐玻璃或硅胶基质中内部有毒的例如放射性物质固定极长时间。 含有放射性阴离子的放射性废物，以及在某些情况下，可能是液体形式的阳离子或溶解或分散在液体或气体中的固体的有毒材料内部加入到具有含水官能团的甲硅烷氧基的玻璃基质中，例如 ，含水氨基烷基甲硅烷氧基或羧基有机基甲硅烷氧基，通过涉及将所述有毒放射性阴离子与所述有机放射性阴离子的离子交换的方法，通过二价氧键键合到所述玻璃的硅原子和/或与所述玻璃的硅原子键合的含水多价金属， 连接到所述有机电致甲硅烷氧基基团的羟基或与水合多价金属连接的羟基的羟基。 此后，所得玻璃的特征在于内部结合或固定的，有毒的放射性阴离子的分布可以包装在合适的容器中，并通过埋置进行处理，和/或它们可以烧结以将其孔隙塌缩以处理或用于 生产有用的辐射源。 所述多孔玻璃或多孔硅胶具有所述与硅键合的有机铁氧基甲硅烷氧基和/或所述含水多价金属氧基，所述玻璃或硅胶的孔保持开放和未破裂，可有利地用作地下放射性废物的回填 垃圾处理容器内的包装物， 还包括一种通过用碱金属或铵阳离子取代与硅键合的羟基的质子，然后用非放射性多价金属置换所述阳离子来将多价金属键合到多孔石英玻璃或凝胶上的新方法 阳离子。

    Fixation by anion exchange of toxic materials in a glass matrix
    5.
    发明授权
    Fixation by anion exchange of toxic materials in a glass matrix 失效
    通过玻璃基质中有毒物质的阴离子交换固定

    公开(公告)号：US4333847A

    公开(公告)日：1982-06-08

    申请号：US65752

    申请日：1979-08-10

    申请人： Danh C. Tran ,  Pedro B. Macedo ,  Joseph H. Simmons ,  Catherine J. Simmons ,  Nicholas Lagakos

    发明人： Danh C. Tran ,  Pedro B. Macedo ,  Joseph H. Simmons ,  Catherine J. Simmons ,  Nicholas Lagakos

    IPC分类号： G21F9/02 ,  G21F9/30 ,  G21F9/36 ,  G21F9/16

    CPC分类号： C03C1/002 ,  C03C1/026 ,  C03C11/005 ,  C03C21/001 ,  C03C23/0095 ,  C03C3/06 ,  C03C3/061 ,  C03C3/089 ,  G21F9/02 ,  G21F9/305 ,  G21F9/36 ,  C03C2201/10 ,  C03C2201/20 ,  C03C2201/23 ,  C03C2201/3411 ,  C03C2201/3423 ,  C03C2201/3429 ,  C03C2201/40 ,  C03C2201/42 ,  C03C2201/50 ,  C03C2201/54

    摘要： This invention relates to the immobilization of toxic, e.g., radioactive materials, internally in a silicate glass or silica gel matrix for extremely long periods of time. Toxic materials, such as radioactive wastes containing radioactive anions, and in some cases cations, which may be in the form of liquids, or solids dissolved or dispersed in liquids or gases, are internally incorporated into a glass matrix, having hydrous organofunctionalsiloxy groups, e.g., hydrous aminoalkylsiloxy or carboxyorganosiloxy, bonded to silicon atoms of said glass and/or hydrous polyvalent metals bonded to silicon atoms of said glass through divalent oxygen linkages or otherwise immobilized therein, by a process which involves the ion exchange of said toxic, radioactive anions with hydroxyl groups attached to said organofunctionalsiloxy groups or with hydroxyl groups attached to the hydrous polyvalent metal. Thereafter, the resulting glass now characterized by a distribution of internally bonded or immobilized, toxic, radioactive anions can be packaged in suitable containers, and disposed of as by burial, and/or they can be sintered to collapse the pores thereof prior to disposal or for producing useful radiation sources. The porous glass or a porous silica gel having said silicon-bonded organofunctionalsiloxy groups and/or said hydrous polyvalent metal oxy groups, the pores of said glass or silica gel remaining open and uncollapsed, can be used advantageously as a backfill for an underground radioactive waste burial site and as overpack in the waste disposal container. Also included is a novel method for bonding the polyvalent metal to the porous silica glass or gel by substituting the protons of the silicon-bonded hydroxyl groups thereof with an alkali metal or ammonium cation followed by displacement of said cation with the non-radioactive polyvalent metal cation.

    摘要翻译： 本发明涉及在硅酸盐玻璃或硅胶基质中内部有毒的例如放射性物质固定极长时间。 含有放射性阴离子的放射性废物，以及在某些情况下，可能是液体形式的阳离子或溶解或分散在液体或气体中的固体的有毒材料内部加入到具有含水官能团的甲硅烷氧基的玻璃基质中，例如 ，含水氨基烷基甲硅烷氧基或羧基有机基甲硅烷氧基，通过涉及将所述有毒放射性阴离子与所述有机放射性阴离子的离子交换的方法，通过二价氧键键合到所述玻璃的硅原子和/或与所述玻璃的硅原子键合的含水多价金属， 连接到所述有机电致甲硅烷氧基基团的羟基或与水合多价金属连接的羟基的羟基。 此后，所得玻璃的特征在于内部结合或固定的，有毒的放射性阴离子的分布可以包装在合适的容器中，并且通过埋置进行处理和/或它们可以在处理之前烧结以使其孔隙塌缩，或 用于生产有用的辐射源。 所述多孔玻璃或多孔硅胶具有所述与硅键合的有机铁氧基甲硅烷氧基和/或所述含水多价金属氧基，所述玻璃或硅胶的孔保持开放和未破裂，可有利地用作地下放射性废物的回填 垃圾处理容器内的包装物， 还包括一种通过用碱金属或铵阳离子取代与硅键合的羟基的质子，然后用非放射性多价金属置换所述阳离子来将多价金属键合到多孔石英玻璃或凝胶上的新方法 阳离子。

    Method of producing a glass article having a graded refractive index profile of a parabolic nature
    8.
    发明授权
    Method of producing a glass article having a graded refractive index profile of a parabolic nature 失效
    具有抛物线性质的渐变折射率分布的玻璃制品的制造方法

    公开(公告)号：US4302231A

    公开(公告)日：1981-11-24

    申请号：US7192

    申请日：1979-01-29

    申请人： Pedro B. Macedo ,  Joseph H. Simmons ,  Shigeo Murai

    发明人： Pedro B. Macedo ,  Joseph H. Simmons ,  Shigeo Murai

    IPC分类号： G02B6/00 ,  C03B37/00 ,  C03B37/014 ,  C03B37/016 ,  C03C23/00 ,  G02B6/02 ,  C03B37/025 ,  C03B37/075 ,  C03C21/00

    CPC分类号： C03B37/016 ,  C03C23/0095

    摘要： A method of producing a glass article having a graded refractive index profile of a parabolic nature is disclosed. The method comprises soaking a preform having a porous matrix with interconnected pores into a stuffing solution containing at least one index modifying dopant of predetermined solubility in the stuffing solution for a time interval to fill the pores with the dopant solution, precipitating the dopant into the porous matrix approximately uniformly throughout, soaking the preform into a solvent solution having a solubility for the dopant lower than the solubility of the dopant in the stuffing solution for a time interval sufficient to cause substantially all of the dopant to redissolve and for diffusion to take place out of the porous matrix in such a way that the dopant concentration decreases as a function of radial distance from the central axis, precipitating the dopant in the porous matrix by reducing the temperature of the preform to a level such that the dopant is precipitated out of solution, removing the solvent and where necessary decomposition products from the preform, and heating to consolidate the preform to produce a glass article having a graded refractive index profile of the parabolic nature.

    摘要翻译： 公开了一种制造具有抛物线性质的梯度折射率分布的玻璃制品的方法。 该方法包括将具有互连孔的具有多孔基体的预成型体浸泡到填充溶液中，所述填充溶液含有至少一种在填充溶液中具有预定溶解度的指数改性掺杂剂，以填充掺杂剂溶液的时间间隔，将掺杂剂沉淀到多孔 基体大致均匀地浸入预浸料中，将预成型体浸入溶剂中，该溶剂溶液的溶解度低于掺杂剂在填料溶液中的溶解度，其时间间隔足以使基本上所有的掺杂剂全部再溶解并扩散出来 的多孔基质，使得掺杂剂浓度随着与中心轴的径向距离的减小而降低，通过将预成型体的温度降低到使得掺杂剂从溶液中沉淀出的水平，使多孔基质中的掺杂剂沉淀 ，除去溶剂，并在必要时从预型件分解产物，和他 以固化预成型件以生产具有抛物线性质的渐变折射率分布的玻璃制品。

    Design for the fabrication of high efficiency solar cells
    10.
    发明授权
    Design for the fabrication of high efficiency solar cells 失效
    高效太阳能电池的制造设计

    公开(公告)号：US5720827A

    公开(公告)日：1998-02-24

    申请号：US684167

    申请日：1996-07-19

    申请人： Joseph H. Simmons

    发明人： Joseph H. Simmons

    IPC分类号： H01L31/0224 ,  H01L31/0352 ,  H01L31/0384 ,  H01L31/04 ,  H01L31/18

    CPC分类号： H01L31/18 ,  H01L31/022466 ,  H01L31/0352 ,  H01L31/0384 ,  H01L31/04 ,  Y02E10/50

    摘要： A method and apparatus for a photo-active region for generation of free carriers when a first surface is exposed to optical radiation. The photo-active region includes a conducting transparent matrix and clusters of semiconductor materials embedded within the conducting transparent matrix. The clusters are arranged in the matrix material so as to define at least a first distribution of cluster sizes ranging from those with the highest bandgap energy near a light incident surface of the photo-active region to those with the smallest bandgap energy near an opposite second surface of the photo-active region. Also disclosed is a method and apparatus for a solar cell. The solar cell includes a photo-active region containing a plurality of semiconductor clusters of varying sizes as described.

    摘要翻译： 一种用于当第一表面暴露于光辐射时产生游离载体的光活性区域的方法和装置。 光活性区域包括导电透明矩阵和嵌入导电透明矩阵内的半导体材料簇。 簇被布置在矩阵材料中，以便限定从具有最大带隙能量的那些在光有源区的光入射表面附近的簇的尺寸的至少第一分布与具有最小带隙能的那些具有接近相反的第二分布 光活性区域的表面。 还公开了一种用于太阳能电池的方法和装置。 太阳能电池包括含有如上所述的多个不同尺寸的半导体簇的光活性区域。