摘要:
A digital controlling system for fiber optic vortex shedding flowmeters which provides a new and improved preamp circuit and a computer for correcting temperature, linearity and hysteresis effects. The controlling system overcomes the inherent non-linearity of the vortex shedding phenomena and also provides two-way communication between a central control unit and the fiber optic vortex shedding flowmeter. The improved preamp circuitry increases the low-end range of fiber optic vortex shedding flowmeters.
摘要:
A notch filter arrangement for reducing vibration noise in a vortex shedding flowmeter circuit is disclosed which utilizes a plurality of sequentially closable switches. The plurality of switches are all closed during a single period of the vibration signal fundamental frequency. Each switch is connected in series to a capacitor which is connected to the output signal of a vortex sensor so that the instantaneous average voltage of the vibration signal during any increment of time is subtracted from the vortex shedding frequency signal to produce a noise reduced signal.
摘要:
A regenerative thermal oxidizer (H-101) includes a number of heat exchange columns (A, B) topped by a combustion chamber (C-101). Contaminated air is directed into one of the columns and oxidation is completed as the flow passes through the combustion chamber (C-101). From the combustion chamber (C-101), the now clean air flows vertically downward through another column and then is directed via an outlet through an outlet manifold and released to atmosphere or recirculated back to the oxidizer (H-101). A combustible fuel is added to the contaminated air prior to its entry into one of the columns. The addition of the combustible fuel is regulated by continuously monitoring the inlet and outlet temperatures (TE-101A, TE-108A), and comparing a difference between these temperatures to a predetermined value. Further control can be achieved by measuring the flow of contaminated air to the oxidizer (H-101) via pressure differential and coordinating that measurement with the temperature differential measurement.
摘要:
A method and device for measuring energy in fuel gas comprises a solid electrolyte oxygen pump for generating an amount of oxygen in response to current being supplied to the pump. A sample of the gas is mixed with the oxygen from the pump to produce a mixture which is subjected to complete combustion in a catalytic combustor. An oxygen sensor is connected to the catalytic combustor for measuring excess oxygen in the exhaust gas from the combustor. A signal from the oxygen signal is compared to a known and desired amount of excess oxygen in the exhaust gas. If there is too much or too little oxygen inthe exhaust gas, a feedback signal is used to adjust the amount of current being supplied to the oxygen pump until the actual amount of excess oxygen is equal to the selected amount of excess oxygen. The selected amount of excess oxygen is indicative of complete combustion of the sample mixture. With the excess oxygen equaling the desired oxygen in the exhaust gas, the amount of current being supplied to the pump is used to calculate the energy in the fuel sample.
摘要:
An on-line serial communication interface is established from the transmitter of a two line current loop transmitter to a digital circuit such as a computer or hand-held terminal which receives and processes digital voltage pulses. The interface includes a comparator having a positive terminal connected by a capacitor to one of the current lines, and a negative terminal connected to a source of small positive voltage. The output of the comparator is connected to an input port of the digital device. The transmitter modulates the current on the current loop by a small amount with respect to the analog current communicated by the transmitter. This generates voltage pulses in the capacitor which are compared to the selected voltage and are amplified to form large pulses used for communication with the computer or hand-held terminal.
摘要:
A fiber optic readout from an optic fiber which receives light from a driven LED and conveys it to a light detector, is processed by a preamp and sample and hold arrangement to produce an output of 4-20 mA. This output is applied to a conventional two-wire 4-20 mA line. Power is conserved by using a preamp in a variable pulse rate mode of operation.
摘要:
A device and method is disclosed which determines the presence and absence of a burner flame by injecting a pressure modulated signal into the burner which modulates a flame at a selected frequency. Light emitted from the flame is modulated at the same frequency. An optical sensor is provided for sensing the light amplitude modulation frequency and connected to a correlator circuit for correlating the light amplitude modulation signal with the pressure modulation signal. If the signals correlate, a flame is assumed to be present and a flame on signal generated. The pressure modulation signal can be discontinued periodically. If a corresponding discontinuation of the light amplitude modulation signal is sensed this is indicative of the continued presence of the flame whereas a continuation of the light amplitude modulation signal indicates a flame out condition.
摘要:
A circuit for processing the vortex shedding frequency signal of a vortex shedding flowmeter comprises a phase detector, switch and low pass filter connected in series. The phase detector receives the vortex shedding frequency and applies it over the normally closed switch to the low pass filter which produces an analog signal corresponding to the frequency of the vortex shedding frequency signal. A voltage controlled oscillator is connected between an output of the low pass filter and an input of the phase detector for tracking the vortex shedding frequency and producing a tracking frequency signal which is maintained when the vortex shedding frequency signal disappears. A range or gain code circuit portion is connected for establishing a set time period during which the frequency signal is accumulated in a counter. The accumulated signal from the counter is utilized as a digital signal corresponding to the vortex shedding frequency signal.
摘要:
A voltage linearization circuit for use with a resistance thermometer device or a thermocouple to produce a nearly linear output signal from a non-linear input signal. The circuit produces a voltage proportional to the square of the input voltage through the use of operational amplifiers and field-effect transistors connected in voltage dividing arrangements, and combines this second order voltage, or a reduced magnitude thereof, with the original input voltage to produce a nearly linear output signal.
摘要:
Provided is a flow-through cell culture chamber having an internal chamberor containing cultured cells defined in part by transparent cover slips. Fastening and retainer structures are utilized to urge the cover slips towards one another and seal the internal chamber. The retainer structures are constructed and arranged such that when they are drawn towards one another and contact opposing surfaces of the cell culture chamber body, sufficient pressure is provided against the cover slips to seal the internal chamber.