Abstract:
A process for liquefying hydrogen gas into liquid hydrogen that includes: continuously introducing hydrogen gas into an active magnetic regenerative refrigerator module, wherein the module has one, two, three or four stages, wherein each stage includes a bypass flow heat exchanger that receives a bypass helium heat transfer gas from a cold side of a low magnetic or demagnetized field section that includes a magnetic refrigerant bed at a hydrogen gas first cold inlet temperature and discharges hydrogen gas or fluid at a first cold exit temperature; wherein sensible heat of the hydrogen gas is entirely removed by the bypass flow heat exchanger in the one stage module or a combination of the bypass flow heat exchangers in the two, three or four stage module, the magnetic refrigerant bed operates at or below its Curie temperature throughout an entire active magnetic regeneration cycle, and a temperature difference between the bypass helium heat transfer first cold inlet temperature and the hydrogen gas first cold exit temperature is 1 to 2 K for each bypass flow heat exchanger.
Abstract:
A gas sensor is disclosed. The gas sensor includes a gas sensing layer, at least one electrode, an adhesion layer, and a response modification layer adjacent to said gas sensing layer and said layer of adhesion. A system having an exhaust system and a gas sensor is also disclosed. A method of fabricating the gas sensor is also disclosed.
Abstract:
A system and method for storing cold energy are detailed. The system includes a solid refrigerant in a structured form that stores cold energy. Upon deformation, the solid refrigerant transforms into a high energy deformed state from a low energy non-deformed state. In the deformed state, the solid refrigerant stores cold energy that can be released to a desired location upon demand.
Abstract:
A method for laser patterning a sample is presented. The method includes coating at least one side of a substrate to form a sample, where coating the at least one side of the substrate forms an interface between the coating and the at least one side of the substrate. Further, the method includes configuring a scanning pattern for patterning the sample. In addition, the method includes determining settings for one or more laser beams of a laser based on the configured scanning pattern. Moreover, the method includes focusing the one or more laser beams of the laser at or near a surface of the substrate by selecting a focal point of the one or more laser beams near the surface of the substrate and setting a scribe depth near the surface of the substrate. The method also includes patterning the sample based on the configured scanning pattern using the one or more laser beams to generate one or more pixelated devices from the sample.
Abstract:
A cathode composition and a rechargeable electrochemical cell comprising same are disclosed. The cathode composition is described as comprising particles of one or more transition metal, alkali halometallate having a melting point of less than about 300 degrees Celsius, and at least one phosphorus composition additive selected from P-O compositions, P-halogen compositions, P-O-halogen compositions, and their reaction products and combinations. Also described is a rechargeable electrochemical cell comprising the composition. The phosphorus composition additive in the cathode composition of a cell is effective to lower the capacity degradation rate of the cell during operation relative to absence of the additive, and effective to lower the internal resistance of the cell when under operating conditions relative to absence of the additive.
Abstract:
A heating or cooling system based on solid materials capable of absorbing or releasing heat during a phase change is provided. The system comprises solid members that absorb or release heat during a phase change, locking members to mechanically lock in a desired phase, and a heat exchange medium.
Abstract:
A method for searching for a flash video (FLV) tag in a bitstream includes the following steps: setting a first start position and a first search length related to a first search process, wherein the first search length indicates a bitstream length of the first search process performed upon the bitstream; starting the first search process upon the bitstream from the first start position to search for the FLV tag; when the FLV tag is not found in the first search length, setting a second start position related to a second search process immediately following the first search process, wherein the first start position and the second start position are separated by a time period equaling a sum of the first search length and a first skip length corresponding to the first search process; and starting the second search process upon the bitstream from the second start position to search for the FLV tag.
Abstract:
A gas sensor is disclosed. The gas sensor includes a gas sensing layer including doped oxygen deficient tungsten oxide and a dopant selected from the group consisting of Re, Ni, Cr, V, W, and a combination thereof, at least one electrode positioned within a layer of titanium, and a response modification layer. The at least one electrode is in communication with the gas sensing layer and the gas sensing layer is capable of detecting at least one gas selected from the group consisting of NO, NO2, SOx O2, H2O, and NH3. A method of fabricating the gas sensor is also disclosed.
Abstract translation:公开了一种气体传感器。 气体传感器包括气体感测层,其包括掺杂的氧缺乏氧化钨和选自Re,Ni,Cr,V,W及其组合的掺杂剂,位于钛层内的至少一个电极,以及 响应修改层。 所述至少一个电极与所述气体感测层连通,并且所述气体感测层能够检测至少一种选自NO,NO 2,SO x O 2,H 2 O和NH 3的气体。 还公开了一种制造气体传感器的方法。
Abstract:
A process for liquefying a process gas comprising: introducing a heat transfer fluid into an active magnetic regenerative refrigerator apparatus that comprises (i) a high magnetic field section in which the heat transfer fluid flows from a cold side to a hot side through at least one magnetized bed of at least one magnetic refrigerant, (ii) a first no heat transfer fluid flow section in which the bed is demagnetized, (iii) a low magnetic or demagnetized field section in which the heat transfer fluid flows from a hot side to a cold side through the demagnetized bed, and (iv) a second no heat transfer fluid flow section in which the bed is magnetized; continuously diverting a bypass portion of the heat transfer fluid from the cold side of the low magnetic or demagnetized field section into a bypass flow heat exchanger at a first cold inlet temperature; and continuously introducing the process gas into the bypass flow heat exchanger at a first hot inlet temperature and discharging the process gas or liquid from the bypass flow heat exchanger at a first cold exit temperature; wherein the temperature difference between bypass heat transfer first cold inlet temperature and the process gas first cold exit temperature is 1 to 5 K.
Abstract:
A compact cooling system based on thermoelastic effect is provided. In one embodiment, the system comprises a pair of rollers serving as a heat sink, stress applicator and belt drive, a cold reservoir and a solid refrigerant belt coupled to the cold reservoir and to the heat sinks to pump heat from the cold reservoir to the heat sink. The refrigerant belt comprises solid thermoelastic materials capable of thermoelastic effect. The refrigerant material is mechanically compressed when entering the gap of the roller and subsequently released after passing through. When compressed the refrigerant material transforms to martensite phase and releases heat to the roller and neighboring materials. After released by the rollers, the refrigerant material transforms back to austenite and absorbs heat from the ambient atmosphere.