公开(公告)号：US20080070034A1

公开(公告)日：2008-03-20

申请号：US11858249

申请日：2007-09-20

申请人： Peter M. Martin ,  Charles H. Henager ,  Wendy D. Bennett ,  Ralph E. Williford

发明人： Peter M. Martin ,  Charles H. Henager ,  Wendy D. Bennett ,  Ralph E. Williford

IPC分类号： B05D5/06 ,  B32B5/00

CPC分类号： C23C14/352 ,  G02B1/105 ,  G02B1/14 ,  Y10T428/265 ,  Y10T428/31678

摘要： A durable coating made up of superimposed microlayers of preselected materials, and a method of making and utilizing such a coating. In one embodiment of the invention, at least 200 microlayers of at least one transparent material, having a thickness of less than 50 nms are superimposed in a sequential manner so as to obtain a desired arrangement between the layers. This structure then forms a transparent coating that has strength characteristics that are substantially greater than the strength of a layer of the coating material alone.

摘要翻译： 由预选材料的叠加微层组成的耐久涂层，以及制造和利用这种涂层的方法。 在本发明的一个实施例中，至少一个具有小于50nms厚度的透明材料的至少200个微层以顺序的方式重叠，以便获得层之间所需的布置。 然后，该结构形成透明涂层，该涂层的强度特性基本上大于单独涂层材料层的强度。

公开(公告)号：US08088502B2

公开(公告)日：2012-01-03

申请号：US11858249

申请日：2007-09-20

申请人： Peter M. Martin ,  Charles H. Henager, Jr. ,  Wendy D. Bennett ,  Ralph E. Williford

发明人： Peter M. Martin ,  Charles H. Henager, Jr. ,  Wendy D. Bennett ,  Ralph E. Williford

IPC分类号： B32B9/00

CPC分类号： C23C14/352 ,  G02B1/105 ,  G02B1/14 ,  Y10T428/265 ,  Y10T428/31678

摘要： A durable coating made up of superimposed microlayers of preselected materials, and a method of making and utilizing such a coating. In one embodiment of the invention, at least 200 microlayers of at least one transparent material, having a thickness of less than 50 nms are superimposed in a sequential manner so as to obtain a desired arrangement between the layers. This structure then forms a transparent coating that has strength characteristics that are substantially greater than the strength of a layer of the coating material alone.

摘要翻译： 由预选材料的叠加微层组成的耐久涂层，以及制造和利用这种涂层的方法。 在本发明的一个实施例中，至少一个具有小于50nms厚度的透明材料的至少200个微层以顺序的方式重叠，以便获得层之间所需的布置。 然后，该结构形成透明涂层，该涂层的强度特性基本上大于单独涂层材料层的强度。

公开(公告)号：US20130273443A1

公开(公告)日：2013-10-17

申请号：US13910065

申请日：2013-06-04

申请人： Ji-Guang Zhang ,  Jie Xiao ,  Wu Xu ,  Deyu Wang ,  Ralph E. Williford ,  Deyu Wang

发明人： Ji-Guang Zhang ,  Jie Xiao ,  Wu Xu ,  Deyu Wang ,  Ralph E. Williford ,  Deyu Wang

IPC分类号： H01M12/08

CPC分类号： H01M12/00 ,  H01M2/14 ,  H01M4/62 ,  H01M4/8647 ,  H01M4/8652 ,  H01M4/8663 ,  H01M6/16 ,  H01M12/04 ,  H01M12/06 ,  H01M12/08 ,  H01M2300/0017

摘要： Disclosed herein are embodiments of lithium/air batteries and methods of making and using the same. Certain embodiments are pouch-cell batteries encased within an oxygen-permeable membrane packaging material that is less than 2% of the total battery weight. Some embodiments include a hybrid air electrode comprising carbon and an ion insertion material, wherein the mass ratio of ion insertion material to carbon is 0.2 to 0.8. The air electrode may include hydrophobic, porous fibers. In particular embodiments, the air electrode is soaked with an electrolyte comprising one or more solvents including dimethyl ether, and the dimethyl ether subsequently is evacuated from the soaked electrode. In other embodiments, the electrolyte comprises 10-20% crown ether by weight.

摘要翻译： 本文公开了锂/空气电池的实施例及其制造和使用方法。 某些实施例是封装在透氧膜包装材料内的袋电池电池，其小于总电池重量的2％。 一些实施方案包括包含碳和离子插入材料的混合空气电极，其中离子插入材料与碳的质量比为0.2至0.8。 空气电极可以包括疏水的多孔纤维。 在具体实施方案中，空气电极用包含一种或多种包括二甲醚的溶剂的电解质浸泡，然后从浸泡的电极中抽出二甲醚。 在其它实施方案中，电解质包含10-20重量％的冠醚。

公开(公告)号：US08012403B2

公开(公告)日：2011-09-06

申请号：US10489924

申请日：2001-09-14

申请人： Jerome C. Birnbaum ,  Glen E. Fryxell ,  Shari Li Xiaohong ,  Christopher A. Coyle ,  Glen C. Dunham ,  Suresh Baskaran ,  Ralph E. Williford

发明人： Jerome C. Birnbaum ,  Glen E. Fryxell ,  Shari Li Xiaohong ,  Christopher A. Coyle ,  Glen C. Dunham ,  Suresh Baskaran ,  Ralph E. Williford

IPC分类号： B28B1/30

CPC分类号： C04B35/62655 ,  B01D67/0048 ,  B01D67/0058 ,  B01D67/0088 ,  B01D67/0093 ,  B01D71/024 ,  B01D2323/18 ,  B01D2323/30 ,  C04B20/0056 ,  C04B35/14 ,  C04B35/16 ,  C04B35/624 ,  C04B38/0022 ,  C04B2111/00482 ,  C04B2111/1025 ,  C04B2235/72 ,  H01L21/31695 ,  C04B38/0051 ,  C04B38/009 ,  C04B38/02 ,  C04B38/10 ,  C04B14/4631

摘要： Porous ceramic and hybrid ceramic films are useful as low dielectric constant interlayers in semiconductor interconnects. (Hybrid ceramic films are defined as films that contain organic and ceramic molecular components in the structure, as, for example, organosilicates). This invention describes the usefulness of humidity treatments (using specific temperature/humidity treatments as illustrative examples) in increasing mechanical integrity of porous dielectric films with minimal detrimental effect on film porosity or dielectric constant and with no adverse impact on film quality. The efficacy of such treatments is illustrated using surfactant-templated mesoporous silicate films as an example. This invention also describes a specific family of additives to be used with highly pure alkali-metal-free ceramic and hybrid precursors for such dielectric films that will enable better control of the film porosity and quality and lower dielectric constants with the required mechanical integrity. The efficacy of such additives is illustrated using surfactant-templated mesoporous silicate films as a model example. The invention should be broadly applicable to any cross-linked ceramic or hybrid ceramic films (including silicate and organosilicate films, and especially highly porous forms of the films for low-dielectric constant applications). The invention has been found to be particularly effective with surfactant-templated silicate films with nanometer-scale porosity. The invention in either embodiment should also be applicable to evaporation-induced formation of other cross-linked shapes such as fibers and powders.

摘要翻译： 多孔陶瓷和混合陶瓷膜可用作半导体互连中的低介电常数中间层。 （混合陶瓷膜被定义为在结构中含有有机和陶瓷分子组分的膜，例如有机硅酸盐）。 本发明描述了在增加多孔电介质膜的机械完整性的情况下，湿度处理（使用特定温度/湿度处理作为说明性实例）的有用性，对膜孔隙率或介电常数具有最小的有害影响，并且对膜质量没有不利影响。 以表面活性剂模板的介孔硅酸盐膜为例说明了这种处理的效果。 本发明还描述了与用于这种介电膜的高纯度无碱金属的陶瓷和混合前体一起使用的特定的添加剂族，其将能够以所需的机械完整性更好地控制膜孔隙率和质量以及更低的介电常数。 作为示例，使用表面活性剂模板的中孔硅酸盐膜来说明这些添加剂的功效。 本发明应广泛适用于任何交联的陶瓷或混合陶瓷膜（包括硅酸盐和有机硅酸盐膜，特别是用于低介电常数应用的膜的高度多孔形式）。 已经发现本发明对于具有纳米级孔隙率的表面活性剂模板化硅酸盐膜是特别有效的。 在任一实施方案中的本发明也应适用于其它交联形状如纤维和粉末的蒸发诱导形成。

公开(公告)号：US20110059364A1

公开(公告)日：2011-03-10

申请号：US12557455

申请日：2009-09-10

申请人： Ji-Guang Zhang ,  Jie Xiao ,  Wu Xu ,  Deyu Wang ,  Ralph E. Williford

发明人： Ji-Guang Zhang ,  Jie Xiao ,  Wu Xu ,  Deyu Wang ,  Ralph E. Williford

IPC分类号： H01M4/58 ,  H01M4/04

CPC分类号： H01M12/06 ,  H01M4/0404 ,  H01M4/131 ,  H01M4/133 ,  H01M4/136 ,  H01M4/139 ,  H01M4/485 ,  H01M4/5825 ,  H01M4/625 ,  H01M4/8605

摘要： Disclosed herein are embodiments of lithium/air batteries and methods of making and using the same. Certain embodiments are pouch-cell batteries encased within an oxygen-permeable membrane packaging material that is less than 2% of the total battery weight. Some embodiments include a hybrid air electrode comprising carbon and an ion insertion material, wherein the mass ratio of ion insertion material to carbon is 0.2 to 0.8. The air electrode may include hydrophobic, porous fibers. In particular embodiments, the air electrode is soaked with an electrolyte comprising one or more solvents including dimethyl ether, and the dimethyl ether subsequently is evacuated from the soaked electrode. In other embodiments, the electrolyte comprises 10-20% crown ether by weight.

摘要翻译： 本文公开了锂/空气电池的实施例及其制造和使用方法。 某些实施例是封装在透氧膜包装材料内的袋电池电池，其小于总电池重量的2％。 一些实施方案包括包含碳和离子插入材料的混合空气电极，其中离子插入材料与碳的质量比为0.2至0.8。 空气电极可以包括疏水的多孔纤维。 在具体实施方案中，空气电极用包含一种或多种包括二甲醚的溶剂的电解质浸泡，然后从浸泡的电极中抽出二甲醚。 在其它实施方案中，电解质包含10-20重量％的冠醚。

公开(公告)号：US20110059355A1

公开(公告)日：2011-03-10

申请号：US12557452

申请日：2009-09-10

申请人： Ji-Guang Zhang ,  Jie Xiao ,  Wu Xu ,  Deyu Wang ,  Ralph E. Williford ,  Jun Liu

发明人： Ji-Guang Zhang ,  Jie Xiao ,  Wu Xu ,  Deyu Wang ,  Ralph E. Williford ,  Jun Liu

IPC分类号： H01M6/04 ,  H01M2/16 ,  H01M4/58

CPC分类号： H01M12/00 ,  H01M2/14 ,  H01M4/62 ,  H01M4/8647 ,  H01M4/8652 ,  H01M4/8663 ,  H01M6/16 ,  H01M12/04 ,  H01M12/06 ,  H01M12/08 ,  H01M2300/0017

摘要： Disclosed herein are embodiments of lithium/air batteries and methods of making and using the same. Certain embodiments are pouch-cell batteries encased within an oxygen-permeable membrane packaging material that is less than 2% of the total battery weight. Some embodiments include a hybrid air electrode comprising carbon and an ion insertion material, wherein the mass ratio of ion insertion material to carbon is 0.2 to 0.8. The air electrode may include hydrophobic, porous fibers. In particular embodiments, the air electrode is soaked with an electrolyte comprising one or more solvents including dimethyl ether, and the dimethyl ether subsequently is evacuated from the soaked electrode. In other embodiments, the electrolyte comprises 10-20% crown ether by weight.

摘要翻译： 本文公开了锂/空气电池的实施例及其制造和使用方法。 某些实施例是封装在透氧膜包装材料内的袋电池电池，其小于总电池重量的2％。 一些实施方案包括包含碳和离子插入材料的混合空气电极，其中离子插入材料与碳的质量比为0.2至0.8。 空气电极可以包括疏水的多孔纤维。 在具体实施方案中，空气电极用包含一种或多种包括二甲醚的溶剂的电解质浸泡，然后从浸泡的电极中抽出二甲醚。 在其它实施方案中，电解质包含10-20重量％的冠醚。

公开(公告)号：US08481187B2

公开(公告)日：2013-07-09

申请号：US12557452

申请日：2009-09-10

申请人： Ji-Guang Zhang ,  Jie Xiao ,  Wu Xu ,  Deyu Wang ,  Ralph E. Williford ,  Jun Liu

发明人： Ji-Guang Zhang ,  Jie Xiao ,  Wu Xu ,  Deyu Wang ,  Ralph E. Williford ,  Jun Liu

IPC分类号： H01M2/02 ,  H01M12/06

CPC分类号： H01M12/00 ,  H01M2/14 ,  H01M4/62 ,  H01M4/8647 ,  H01M4/8652 ,  H01M4/8663 ,  H01M6/16 ,  H01M12/04 ,  H01M12/06 ,  H01M12/08 ,  H01M2300/0017

摘要： Disclosed herein are embodiments of lithium/air batteries and methods of making and using the same. Certain embodiments are pouch-cell batteries encased within an oxygen-permeable membrane packaging material that is less than 2% of the total battery weight. Some embodiments include a hybrid air electrode comprising carbon and an ion insertion material, wherein the mass ratio of ion insertion material to carbon is 0.2 to 0.8. The air electrode may include hydrophobic, porous fibers. In particular embodiments, the air electrode is soaked with an electrolyte comprising one or more solvents including dimethyl ether, and the dimethyl ether subsequently is evacuated from the soaked electrode. In other embodiments, the electrolyte comprises 10-20% crown ether by weight.

摘要翻译： 本文公开了锂/空气电池的实施例及其制造和使用方法。 某些实施例是封装在透氧膜包装材料内的袋电池电池，其小于总电池重量的2％。 一些实施方案包括包含碳和离子插入材料的混合空气电极，其中离子插入材料与碳的质量比为0.2至0.8。 空气电极可以包括疏水的多孔纤维。 在具体实施方案中，空气电极用包含一种或多种包括二甲醚的溶剂的电解质浸泡，然后从浸泡的电极中抽出二甲醚。 在其它实施方案中，电解质包含10-20重量％的冠醚。

公开(公告)号：US20120180945A1

公开(公告)日：2012-07-19

申请号：US13414641

申请日：2012-03-07

申请人： Ji-Guang Zhang ,  Jie Xiao ,  Wu Xu ,  Deyu Wang ,  Ralph E. Williford

发明人： Ji-Guang Zhang ,  Jie Xiao ,  Wu Xu ,  Deyu Wang ,  Ralph E. Williford

IPC分类号： B32B38/08

CPC分类号： H01M12/06 ,  H01M4/0404 ,  H01M4/131 ,  H01M4/133 ,  H01M4/136 ,  H01M4/139 ,  H01M4/485 ,  H01M4/5825 ,  H01M4/625 ,  H01M4/8605

摘要： Disclosed herein are embodiments of lithium/air batteries and methods of making and using the same. Certain embodiments are pouch-cell batteries encased within an oxygen-permeable membrane packaging material that is less than 2% of the total battery weight. Some embodiments include a hybrid air electrode comprising carbon and an ion insertion material, wherein the mass ratio of ion insertion material to carbon is 0.2 to 0.8. The air electrode may include hydrophobic, porous fibers. In particular embodiments, the air electrode is soaked with an electrolyte comprising one or more solvents including dimethyl ether, and the dimethyl ether subsequently is evacuated from the soaked electrode. In other embodiments, the electrolyte comprises 10-20% crown ether by weight.

摘要翻译： 本文公开了锂/空气电池的实施例及其制造和使用方法。 某些实施例是封装在透氧膜包装材料内的袋电池电池，其小于总电池重量的2％。 一些实施方案包括包含碳和离子插入材料的混合空气电极，其中离子插入材料与碳的质量比为0.2至0.8。 空气电极可以包括疏水的多孔纤维。 在具体实施方案中，空气电极用包含一种或多种包括二甲醚的溶剂的电解质浸泡，然后从浸泡的电极中抽出二甲醚。 在其它实施方案中，电解质包含10-20重量％的冠醚。

公开(公告)号：US4860589A

公开(公告)日：1989-08-29

申请号：US130869

申请日：1987-12-10

申请人： Ralph E. Williford

发明人： Ralph E. Williford

IPC分类号： G01N3/00

CPC分类号： G01N3/00 ,  G01N2203/0067 ,  G01N2203/0075 ,  G01N2203/0212

摘要： The fracture energy of a material is determined by first measuring the length of a profile of a section through a fractured surface of the material taken on a plane perpendicular to the mean plane of that surface, then determining the fractal dimensionality of the surface. From this, the yield strength of the material, and the Young's Modulus of that material, the fracture energy is calculated.

摘要翻译： 材料的断裂能通过首先测量通过在与该表面的平均平面垂直的平面上拍摄的材料的断裂表面的截面的轮廓的长度，然后确定表面的分形维数来确定。 从此，材料的屈服强度和该材料的杨氏模量，计算断裂能。