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1.发明授权Method and apparatus to simultaneously measure emissivities and thermodynamic temperatures of remote objects 失效同时测量远程物体的发射率和热力学温度的方法和装置
公开(公告)号：US5011295A
公开(公告)日：1991-04-30
申请号：US422644
申请日：1989-10-17
CPC分类号： G01J5/58 , G01J4/04 , G01J5/0003 , G01J5/0096 , G01J5/04 , G01J5/047 , G01J5/08 , G01J5/0809 , G01J5/0825 , G01J5/0834 , G01J5/0846 , G01J5/0896 , G01J2005/0048 , G01J2005/0074 , G01J2005/0077 , G01N2021/1793 , G01N21/21 , G01N2201/0696
摘要： Method and apparatus for accurately and instantaneously determining the thermodynamic temperature of remote objects by continuous determination of the emissivity, the reflectivity, and optical constants, as well as the apparent or brightness temperature of the sample with a single instrument. The emissivity measurement is preferably made by a complex polarimeter including a laser that generates polarized light, which is reflected from the sample into a detector system. The detector system includes a beamsplitter, polarization analyzers, and four detectors to measure independently the four Stokes vectors of the reflected radiation. The same detectors, or a separate detector in the same instrument, is used to measure brightness temperature. Thus, the instrument is capable of measuring both the change in polarization upon reflection as well as the degree of depolarization and hence diffuseness. This enables correction for surface roughness of the sample and background radiation, which could otherwise introduce errors in temperature measurement.
摘要翻译： 通过用单个仪器连续测定样品的发射率，反射率和光学常数以及样品的表观或亮度温度来准确和瞬时地确定远程物体的热力学温度的方法和设备。 发射率测量优选由包括产生偏振光的激光器的复合旋光计来进行，该偏振光从样品反射到检测器系统中。 检测器系统包括分束器，偏振分析器和四个检测器，以独立地测量反射辐射的四个斯托克斯矢量。 相同的检测器或相同仪器中的单独检测器用于测量亮度温度。 因此，该仪器能够测量反射时的极化的变化以及去极化的程度，从而测量扩散度。 这样可以校正样品的表面粗糙度和背景辐射，否则会导致温度测量误差。
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公开(公告)号：US5071677A
公开(公告)日：1991-12-10
申请号：US528804
申请日：1990-05-24
CPC分类号： C23C16/27 , C23C16/277 , Y10S427/103
摘要： The present invention is directed to a method for depositing diamond films and particles on a variety of substrates by flowing a gas or gas mixture capable of supplying (1) carbon, (2) hydrogen and (3) a halogen through a reactor over the substrate material. The reactant gases may be pre-mixed with an inert gas in order to keep the overall gas mixture composition low in volume percent of carbon and rich in hydrogen. Pre-treatment of the reactant gases to a high energy state is not required as it is in most prior art processes for chemical vapor deposition of diamond. Since pre-treatment is not required, the process may be applied to substrates of virtually any desired size, shape or configuration.The reactant gas mixture preferably is passed through a reactor, a first portion of which is heated to a temperature of from about 400.degree. C. to about 920.degree. C. and more preferably from about 800.degree. C. to about 920.degree. C. The substrate on which the diamond is to be grown is placed in the reactor in a zone that is maintained at a lower temperature of from about 250.degree. C. to about 750.degree. C., which is the preferred diamond growth temperature range. The process preferably is practiced at ambient pressures, although lower or higher pressures may be used. Significant amounts of pure diamond films and particles have been obtained in as little as eight hours. The purity of the diamond films and particles has been verified by Raman spectroscopy and powder x-ray diffraction techniques.
摘要翻译： 本发明涉及通过使能够（1）碳，（2）氢和（3）卤素的气体或气体混合物通过反应器流过衬底的方式将金刚石膜和颗粒沉积在各种衬底上的方法 材料。 反应物气体可以与惰性气体预混合，以便使总体气体混合物组合物的碳体积百分比低并富含氢气。 不需要将反应物气体预处理至高能量状态，如在金刚石的化学气相沉积的大多数现有技术方法中。 由于不需要预处理，所以该方法可以应用于几乎任何所需尺寸，形状或构型的基底。 反应气体混合物优选通过反应器，其第一部分被加热到约400℃至约920℃，更优选约800℃至约920℃的温度。 将金刚石生长在其上的底物置于反应器中，该区域保持在约250℃至约750℃的较低温度，这是优选的金刚石生长温度范围。 该方法优选在环境压力下实施，尽管可以使用更低或更高的压力。 在短短8小时内就已经获得了大量的纯金刚石膜和颗粒。 通过拉曼光谱和粉末X射线衍射技术验证了金刚石膜和颗粒的纯度。
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公开(公告)号：US07029646B2
公开(公告)日：2006-04-18
申请号：US10408886
申请日：2003-04-08
IPC分类号： D01F9/12
CPC分类号： B82Y30/00 , B82Y40/00 , C01B32/174 , C01B32/176 , C01B2202/02
摘要： A method for cutting single-wall carbon nanotubes involves partially fluorinating single-wall carbon nanotubes and pyrolyzing the partially fluorinated nanotubes in an inert atmosphere or vacuum up to about 1000° C. The nanotubes are optionally purified before cutting. The partial fluorination involves fluorinating the nanotubes to a carbon-fluorine stoichiometry of CFx, where x is up to about 0.3. The invention also relates to the derivatization of fluorinated and cut single-wall carbon nanotubes. The single-wall carbon nanotubes can be cut to any length depending on the fluorination and pyrolysis conditions. Short nanotubes are useful in various applications, such as field emitters for flat panel displays and as “seeds” for further nanotube growth.
摘要翻译： 用于切割单壁碳纳米管的方法涉及部分氟化单壁碳纳米管并在惰性气氛或真空中高达约1000℃热解部分氟化的纳米管。在切割之前，任选地提纯纳米管。 部分氟化涉及将纳米管氟化为CF x的碳氟化学计量，其中x为约0.3。 本发明还涉及氟化和切割的单壁碳纳米管的衍生化。 根据氟化和热解条件，可以将单壁碳纳米管切割成任何长度。 短纳米管在各种应用中是有用的，例如用于平板显示器的场发射器和用于进一步的纳米管生长的“种子”。
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公开(公告)号：US5316795A
公开(公告)日：1994-05-31
申请号：US696769
申请日：1991-05-07
CPC分类号： C23C16/27 , C23C16/277 , Y10S427/103 , Y10T428/30
摘要： The present invention is directed to a method for depositing diamond films and particles on a variety of substrates by flowing a gas or gas mixture capable of supplying (1) carbon, (2) hydrogen, (3) a halogen and, preferably, (4) a chalcogen through a reactor over the substrate material. The reactant gases may be premixed with an inert gas in order to keep the overall gas mixture composition low in volume percent of carbon and rich in hydrogen. Pre-treatment of the reactant gases to a high energy state is not required as it is in most prior art processes for chemical vapor deposition of diamond. Since pretreatment is not required, the process may be applied to substrates of virtually any desired size, shape or configuration.
摘要翻译： 本发明涉及一种通过使能够供应（1）碳，（2）氢，（3）卤素和（4）卤素的气体或气体混合物的气体或气体混合物，优选地（4） ）硫属元素通过基底材料上的反应器。 反应物气体可以与惰性气体预混合，以保持总体气体混合物组合物的体积百分比低且富含氢气。 不需要将反应物气体预处理至高能量状态，如在金刚石的化学气相沉积的大多数现有技术方法中。 由于不需要预处理，所以该方法可以应用于几乎任何所需尺寸，形状或构型的基底。
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公开(公告)号：US07740826B2
公开(公告)日：2010-06-22
申请号：US11585368
申请日：2006-10-24
申请人： Valery N. Khabashesku , Haiqing Peng , John L. Margrave , Mary Lou Margrave, legal representative , Wilbur Edward Billups , Yunming Ying
CPC分类号： B82Y30/00 , B82Y40/00 , C01B32/174 , C01B2202/02 , C01B2202/06 , Y10S977/742 , Y10S977/745 , Y10S977/748 , Y10S977/75 , Y10T428/25
摘要： A method for functionalizing the wall of single-wall or multi-wall carbon nanotubes involves the use of acyl peroxides to generate carbon-centered free radicals. The method allows for the chemical attachment of a variety of functional groups to the wall or end cap of carbon nanotubes through covalent carbon bonds without destroying the wall or endcap structure of the nanotube. Carbon-centered radicals generated from acyl peroxides can have terminal functional groups that provide sites for further reaction with other compounds. Organic groups with terminal carboxylic acid functionality can be converted to an acyl chloride and further reacted with an amine to form an amide or with a diamine to form an amide with terminal amine. The reactive functional groups attached to the nanotubes provide improved solvent dispersibility and provide reaction sites for monomers for incorporation in polymer structures. The nanotubes can also be functionalized by generating free radicals from organic sulfoxides.
摘要翻译： 用于官能化单壁或多壁碳纳米管的壁的方法涉及使用酰基过氧化物以产生碳中心的自由基。 该方法允许通过共价碳键将各种官能团化学连接到碳纳米管的壁或端盖上，而不破坏纳米管的壁或端帽结构。 由酰基过氧化物产生的碳中心基团可以具有提供与其它化合物进一步反应的位点的末端官能团。 具有末端羧酸官能团的有机基团可以转化为酰氯，并进一步与胺反应形成酰胺或与二胺反应以与末端胺形成酰胺。 连接到纳米管的反应性官能团提供改进的溶剂分散性，并为单体提供用于掺入聚合物结构的反应位点。 纳米管也可以通过产生有机亚砜的自由基来官能化。
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公开(公告)号：US4165974A
公开(公告)日：1979-08-28
申请号：US341841
申请日：1973-03-16
IPC分类号： C03B40/02 , C03B40/027 , C03B39/00
CPC分类号： C03B40/02 , C03B40/027 , Y02P40/57
摘要： A lubricant for improved performance in glass molding. The lubricant is smokeless, odorless, non-toxic and non-combustible. It is applied infrequently, such as once a shift or less. The lubricant is carbon monofluoride (CF.sub.x).sub.n wherein "x" is about 0.7 or, preferably, above 1.00. Novel methods of application of the lubricant are disclosed.
摘要翻译： 用于提高玻璃成型性能的润滑剂。 润滑剂无烟，无臭，无毒，不燃。 它不经常使用，例如一次或更少。 润滑剂是一氟化碳（CFx）n，其中“x”为约0.7，或优选高于1.00。 公开了施加润滑剂的新颖方法。
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7.发明授权Fabrication of carbon nanotube reinforced epoxy polymer composites using functionalized carbon nanotubes 有权使用官能化碳纳米管制备碳纳米管增强环氧聚合物复合材料公开(公告)号：US07601421B2
公开(公告)日：2009-10-13
申请号：US10559905
申请日：2004-06-16
申请人： Valery N. Khabashesku , Jiang Zhu , Haiqing Peng , Enrique V. Barrera , John L. Margrave , Mary Lou Margrave, legal representative
CPC分类号： D06M13/11 , B82Y30/00 , B82Y40/00 , C01B32/152 , C01B32/174 , C01B2202/02 , C01B2202/04 , C01B2202/06 , C08J5/005 , C08J5/06 , C08J2363/00 , D06M11/09 , D06M11/52 , D06M13/148 , D06M13/196 , D06M15/55 , D06M2101/40 , Y10S977/742 , Y10S977/745 , Y10S977/746 , Y10S977/748 , Y10S977/75 , Y10S977/752 , Y10S977/753 , Y10S977/778 , Y10S977/847 , Y10T428/24994 , Y10T428/30 , Y10T428/31511
摘要： The present invention is directed to methods of integrating carbon nanotubes into epoxy polymer composites via chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes, and to the carbon nanotube-epoxy polymer composites produced by such methods. Integration is enhanced through improved dispersion and/or covalent bonding with the epoxy matrix during the curing process. In general, such methods involve the attachment of chemical moieties (i.e., functional groups) to the sidewall and/or end-cap of carbon nanotubes such that the chemical moieties react with either the epoxy precursor(s) or the curing agent(s) (or both) during the curing process. Additionally, in some embodiments, these or additional chemical moieties can function to facilitate dispersion of the carbon nanotubes by decreasing the van der Waals attractive forces between the nanotubes.
摘要翻译： 本发明涉及通过碳纳米管的化学官能化将碳纳米管整合到环氧聚合物复合材料中的方法，以及通过这些方法生产的碳纳米管 - 环氧聚合物复合材料。 通过在固化过程中改进与环氧基质的分散和/或共价键合来增强集成。 通常，这种方法包括将化学部分（即官能团）连接到碳纳米管的侧壁和/或端盖上，使得化学部分与环氧前体或固化剂反应， （或两者）。 另外，在一些实施方案中，这些或其它化学部分可以通过降低纳米管之间的范德华力吸引力来起到促进碳纳米管分散的作用。
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8.发明授权Chemical derivatization of single-wall carbon nanotubes to facilitate solvation thereof, and use of derivatized nanotubes 失效单壁碳纳米管的化学衍生化以促进其溶剂化，以及衍生的纳米管的使用公开(公告)号：US06835366B1
公开(公告)日：2004-12-28
申请号：US09787473
申请日：2001-03-16
申请人： John L. Margrave , Edward T. Mickelson , Robert Hauge , Peter Boul , Chad Huffman , Jie Liu , Richard E. Smalley , Ken Smith , Daniel T. Colbert
发明人： John L. Margrave , Edward T. Mickelson , Robert Hauge , Peter Boul , Chad Huffman , Jie Liu , Richard E. Smalley , Ken Smith , Daniel T. Colbert
IPC分类号： D01F912
CPC分类号： B01J21/18 , B01J23/74 , B01J23/755 , B01J35/006 , B01J35/06 , B82Y30/00 , B82Y40/00 , C01B32/174 , C01B2202/02 , C01B2202/06 , D01F11/121 , Y10S977/74 , Y10S977/748 , Y10S977/75 , Y10S977/843 , Y10S977/848
摘要： This invention is directed to making chemical derivatives of carbon nanotubes and to uses for the derivatized nanotubes, including making arrays as a basis for synthesis of carbon fibers. In one embodiment, this invention also provides a method for preparing single wall carbon nanotubes having substituents attached to the side wall of the nanotube by reacting single wall carbon nanotubes with fluorine gas and recovering fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes, then reacting fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes with a nucleophile. Some of the fluorine substituents are replaced by nucleophilic substitution. If desired, the remaining fluorine can be completely or partially eliminated to produce single wall carbon nanotubes having substituents attached to the side wall of the nanotube. The substituents will, of course, be dependent on the nucleophile, and preferred nucleophiles include alkyl lithium species such as methyl lithium. Alternatively, fluorine may be fully or partially removed from fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes by reacting the fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes with various amounts of hydrazine, substituted hydrazine or alkyl amine. The present invention also provides seed materials for growth of single wall carbon nanotubes comprising a plurality of single wall carbon nanotubes or short tubular molecules having a catalyst precursor moiety covalently bound or physisorbed on the outer surface of the sidewall to provide the optimum metal cluster size under conditions that result in migration of the metal moiety to the tube end.
摘要翻译： 本发明涉及制备碳纳米管的化学衍生物和衍生纳米管的用途，包括制备阵列作为碳纤维合成的基础。 在一个实施方案中，本发明还提供了通过使单壁碳纳米管与氟气反应并回收氟衍生的碳纳米管，制备具有连接到纳米管侧壁上的取代基的单壁碳纳米管的方法，然后使氟衍生的碳纳米管与 亲核试剂 一些氟取代基被亲核取代取代。 如果需要，可以完全或部分地除去剩余的氟以产生具有连接到纳米管的侧壁上的取代基的单壁碳纳米管。 取代基当然取决于亲核试剂，优选的亲核试剂包括烷基锂物质如甲基锂。 或者，可以通过使氟衍生的碳纳米管与各种量的肼，取代的肼或烷基胺反应，从氟衍生的碳纳米管中完全或部分地除去氟。 本发明还提供用于生长单壁碳纳米管的种子材料，其包含多个单壁碳纳米管或具有在侧壁的外表面上共价结合或物理吸附的催化剂前体部分的短管状分子，以提供最佳金属簇尺寸 导致金属部分迁移到管端的条件。
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9.发明授权Fiber-reinforced polymer composites containing functionalized carbon nanotubes 有权含有官能化碳纳米管的纤维增强聚合物复合材料公开(公告)号：US08187703B2
公开(公告)日：2012-05-29
申请号：US12553721
申请日：2009-09-03
申请人： Jiang Zhu , Valery N. Khabashesku , Haiqing Peng , Enrique V. Barrera , John L. Margrave , Mary Lou Margrave, legal representative
CPC分类号： B29C70/081 , B82Y30/00 , C08J5/005 , C08J5/06 , C08J5/24 , C08J2363/00 , D06M11/73 , D06M15/285 , D06M15/327 , D06M15/55 , D06M23/08 , D06M2101/36 , D06M2101/40 , Y10S977/745 , Y10S977/746 , Y10S977/748 , Y10S977/75 , Y10S977/753 , Y10T428/24994 , Y10T428/25 , Y10T428/31511
摘要： The present invention is directed to methods of integrating carbon nanotubes into epoxy polymer composites via chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes, and to the carbon nanotube-epoxy polymer composites produced by such methods. Integration is enhanced through improved dispersion and/or covalent bonding with the epoxy matrix during the curing process. In general, such methods involve the attachment of chemical moieties (i.e., functional groups) to the sidewall and/or end-cap of carbon nanotubes such that the chemical moieties react with either the epoxy precursor(s) or the curing agent(s) (or both) during the curing process. Additionally, in some embodiments, these or additional chemical moieties can function to facilitate dispersion of the carbon nanotubes by decreasing the van der Waals attractive forces between the nanotubes.
摘要翻译： 本发明涉及通过碳纳米管的化学官能化将碳纳米管整合到环氧聚合物复合材料中的方法，以及通过这些方法生产的碳纳米管 - 环氧聚合物复合材料。 通过在固化过程中改进与环氧基质的分散和/或共价键合来增强集成。 通常，这种方法包括将化学部分（即官能团）连接到碳纳米管的侧壁和/或端盖上，使得化学部分与环氧前体或固化剂反应， （或两者）。 另外，在一些实施方案中，这些或其它化学部分可以通过降低纳米管之间的范德华力吸引力来起到促进碳纳米管分散的作用。
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公开(公告)号：US06645455B2
公开(公告)日：2003-11-11
申请号：US09810201
申请日：2001-03-16
申请人： John L. Margrave , Edward T. Mickelson , Robert Hauge , Peter Boul , Chad Huffman , Jie Liu , Richard E. Smalley , Ken Smith , Daniel T. Colbert
发明人： John L. Margrave , Edward T. Mickelson , Robert Hauge , Peter Boul , Chad Huffman , Jie Liu , Richard E. Smalley , Ken Smith , Daniel T. Colbert
IPC分类号： D01F912
CPC分类号： B01J21/18 , B01J23/74 , B01J23/755 , B01J35/06 , B82Y30/00 , B82Y40/00 , C01B32/162 , C01B32/174 , C01B2202/02 , C01B2202/06 , C01B2202/08 , D01F11/121 , Y10S977/745 , Y10S977/75 , Y10S977/835 , Y10S977/843 , Y10S977/848 , Y10T428/139 , Y10T428/2918
摘要： This invention is directed to making chemical derivatives of carbon nanotubes and to uses for the derivatized nanotubes, including making arrays as a basis for synthesis of carbon fibers. In one embodiment, this invention also provides a method for preparing single wall carbon nanotubes having substituents attached to the side wall of the nanotube by reacting single wall carbon nanotubes with fluorine gas and recovering fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes, then reacting fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes with a nucleophile. Some of the fluorine substituents are replaced by nucleophilic substitution. If desired, the remaining fluorine can be completely or partially eliminated to produce single wall carbon nanotubes having substituents attached to the side wall of the nanotube. The substituents will, of course, be dependent on the nucleophile, and preferred nucleophiles include alkyl lithium species such as methyl lithium. Alternatively, fluorine may be fully or partially removed from fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes by reacting the fluorine derivatized carbon nanotubes with various amounts of hydrazine, substituted hydrazine or alkyl amine. The present invention also provides seed materials for growth of single wall carbon nanotubes comprising a plurality of single wall carbon nanotubes or short tubular molecules having a catalyst precursor moiety covalently bound or physisorbed on the outer surface of the sidewall to provide the optimum metal cluster size under conditions that result in migration of the metal moiety to the tube end.
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