摘要:
A specific mixture containing at least one polymerizable unsaturated monomer which is not vitrifiable by itself can advantageously be polymerized by irradiating the mixture at a temperature not higher than 100*C above glass transition temperature of the mixture with an ionizing radiation and/or a light.
摘要:
IN A PROCESS FOR POLYMERIZNG A MONOMER OR MONOMERS SELECTED FROM AN OLEFIN AND A VINYL MONOMER IN THE PRESENCE OF AN AQUEOUS ORGANIC MEDIUM, ADHERENCE OF THE RESULTING POLYMER TO THE INSIDE WALLS OF THE POLYMERIZATION REACTOR IS PREVENTED BY HAVING A PARTICULAR MEDIUM COMPOSITION FLOW DOWN IN SUCH A MANNER THAT SAID COMPOSITION COVERS SAID INSIDE WALLS. SAID COMPOSITION COMPRISES A SMALL AMOUNT OF A MONOMER OR MONOMERS AND A MIXTURE CONSISTING OF SUBSTANTIALLY THE SAME COMPONENTS AS SAID AQUEOUS ORGANIC MEDIUM. SAID COMPOSITION MAY TYPICALLY BE REPRESENTED BY A COMPOSITION COMPRISING A SMALL AMOUNT OF AN OLEFIN AND/OR A VINYL COMPOUND, WATER, AND AN ORGANIC MEDIUM SUCH AS A LOWER-ALKANOL, WHICH IS IN PHYSICO-CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM STATE WITH A REACTION COMPOSITION COMPRISING AN OLEFIN AND/OR A VINYL COMPOUND, SAID ORGANIC MEDIUM AND A SMALL AMOUNT OF WATER.
摘要:
Tetraoxane is polymerized in the presence of both a carboxylic anhydride and a specific polymerization initiator, to obtain an oxymethylene polymer having excellent heat-stability. When thiirane or its derivatives, thiocyanates, or isothiocyanates are employed as the polymerization initiator, the thermal stability of the resulting polymer is further improved. An ionizing radiation or an ultraviolet light can concomitantly be employed before and/or in the course of polymerization.
摘要:
In the polymerization, in which an aqueous phase is employed, of ethylene, or ethylene and other unsubstituted or substituted olefinic monomers by means of an ionizing radiation, formation of an undesirable polymer in the aqueous phase of the reaction system is inhibited by using specific polymerization inhibitors. The inhibitors which have no adverse effect on the polymerization in the non-aqueous phase, comprise the electrolytes which have strong oxidizing action and/or react at high reaction rate with active species such as H radicals, OH radicals and/or hydrated electrons formed by ionizing radiation. According to the present invention, adhesion of undesirable polymer to the reactor walls during polymerization reaction is prevented and contamination which lowers the quality of the main polymer is eliminated.
摘要:
THIS INVENTION IS DIRECTED TO THE RADIATION INDUCED POLYMERIZATION OF ETHYLENE IN WHICH TERTIARY BUTYL ALCOHOL IS USED AS THE REACTION MEDIUM. VARIOUSSOLVENTS HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED AS A REACTION MEDIUM FOR THE RADIATION INDUCED POLYMERIZATION OF ETHYLENE TO BE CARRIED OUT UNDER HIGH REACTION PRESSURE, AND IT HAS BEEN FOUND THAT TERTIARY BUTYL ALCOHOL IS THE MEDIUM WHICH PRODUCES HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT PRODUCTS IN HIGH YIELD AND GIVES THE GREATEST RATE OF POLYMERIZATION REACTION.
摘要:
1,177,533. Generating steam by indirect heat transfer. JAPAN ATOMIC ENERGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE and NIPPON KOHKAN K.K. 13 Jan., 1967 [14 Jan., 1966], No. 1913/67. Heading F4A. Liquid sodium coolant from a nuclear reactor (not shown) is passed through vertical tubes 2 extending between inlet nozzle 1 and outlet nozzle 3 of a steam generator casing 7. Water from inlet 4 flows in counter current through vertical, zig-zag or helical tubes 5, the steam so generated emerging through nozzle 6. Heat is transferred between the tube systems 2, 5 by liquid sodium acting as a heat transmission medium, which is introduced at inlet 9 and removed through outlet 10, to maintain a surface level 11. The level 11 may be varied to vary the rate of heat transfer in accordance with the load demand. The top space of the generator body contains an inert gas introduced through nozzle 13 and removed through nozzle 14. One or more rupture discs 15 may be provided in the casing 7. The generator may be of the through flow or recirculation types. It is stated to be known to heat an intermediate fluid by the coolant from the reactor core, in a separate heat exchange vessel located within or without the vessel containing the reactor, and then to circulate this intermediate fluid over steam generating tubes contained in a further vessel (Figs. 1 and 2, not shown).