摘要:
This invention relates to methods for reacting a hydrocarbon, molecular oxygen, and optionally water and/or carbon dioxide, to form synthesis gas. The preferred embodiments are characterized by delivering a substochiometric amount of oxygen to each of a multitude of reaction zones, which allows for optimum design of the catalytic packed bed and the gas distribution system, and for the optimization and control of the temperature profile of the reaction zones. The multitude of reaction zones may include a series of successive fixed beds, or a continuous zone housed within an internal structure having porous, or perforated, walls, through which an oxygen-containing stream can permeate. By controlling the oxygen supply, the temperatures, conversion, and product selectivity of the reaction can be in turn controlled and optimized. Furthermore the potential risks of explosion associated with mixing hydrocarbon and molecular oxygen is minimized with increased feed carbon-to-oxygen molar ratios.
摘要:
The present invention discloses a method, apparatus and method of manufacturing an apparatus; all to produce hydrogen gas, particularly synthesis gas. Preferred embodiments of the invention include an alpha alumina membrane which has been treated with a TiO2 wash coat on one side and has an active gamma alumina layer on an opposite side. A metal catalyst, preferably rhodium, is deposited within the pores of the alumina. Oxygen travels through the membrane and is activated before contacting methane on the other side of the membrane and forming synthesis gas through partial oxidation of the methane. Embodiments of the invention have a number of benefits including the high conversion rate of oxygen (100 %), the separate feed streams of methane and oxygen which allow for optimal ratios to be used without danger of explosion, and the opportunity to vary the feed rates without changing the products formed. Normally gaseous hydrocarbons recovered from remote oil wells (e.g. offshore oil wells) can thus be converted to synthesis gas and then to normally liquid hydrocarbons via a Fischer-Tropsch type reaction. The normally liquid hydrocarbons are easier to transport away from the remote oil well than normally gaseous hydrocarbons.
摘要:
A method for producing a synthetic gas involving subjecting a hydrocarbon to a partial combustion by means of a synthetic gas generating furnace having a catalyst layer therein to generate a gas, and modifying the gas by the aid of a catalyst, to produce a synthetic gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide as main components, characterized in that the temperature at the outlet of the catalyst layer is controlled to 1100 to 1300°C, and the resultant synthetic gas has a concentration of carbon dioxide of 10 % or less. The method can be employed for producing a synthetic gas which contains no hydrocarbon and is reduced in the concentration of carbon dioxide.
摘要:
Apparatus and process are provided to enable rapid start up of hydrogen generator (1) that use partial oxidation reforming. In the start up processes, a heated oxygen containing gas (110) is passed through the reformer (106) and at least one downstream unit operation (108) to achieve a first temperature regime. Then a heated steam containing gas is used to raise the temperatures of the reformer (106) and at least one downstream unit operation (108) to a second temperature regime at which partial oxidation reforming can be initiated.
摘要:
Disclosed is a catalyst which enables to produce an oxygen-containing organic compound at a high conversion rate. Such a catalyst also has a high selectivity of the oxygen-containing organic compound and a high utilization efficiency of hydrogen. A catalyst for partial oxidation of hydrocarbons is obtained by fixing gold nanoparticles to a porous body of a titanium-containing silicate having an average pore size of not less than 4 nm.
摘要:
A fuel processor (15) that produces hydrogen (39) from a fuel source (29). The fuel processor (15) comprises a reformer (32) and a burner (30). The reformer (32) includes a catalyst for production of the hydrogen (39). Voluminous reformer chambers increase the amount of catalyst used in the reformer (32) and consequently increase hydrogen production for given fuel processor size. The burner (30) provides heat to the reformer (32). One or multiple burners can surround the reformer on multiple sides to increase heat transfer. Dewars (150) can be used to further increase thermal management of the fuel processor (15) and increase burner efficiency. A dewar (150) includes one or more dewar chambers that receive inlet air (31) before the burner (30) receives the air (31). The air (31) is preheated in the dewar (150) chamber using heat generated by the burner (30).
摘要:
Materials that are useful for absorption enhanced reforming (AER) of a fuel, including absorbent materials and catalyst materials and methods for using the materials. The materials can be fabricated by spray processing. The use of the materials in AER can produce a H 2 product gas having a high H 2 content and a low level of carbon oxides.
摘要:
Described herein are fuel cell systems and methods of increasing fuel cell system efficiency. The systems include a fuel processor that produces hydrogen from a fuel source and a fuel cell that generates electrical energy using the hydrogen. An electronics device that receives the electrical energy may also include the fuel cell system and a heat-generating component. The invention uses heat from the fuel cell and/or heat from the heat-generating electronics component to preheat a liquid fuel source. This reduces or potentially eliminates the need for fuel source heating in the fuel processor.
摘要:
Matériau composite (M) comprenant : au moins 75 % en volume d’un composé conducteur mixte électronique et d’anions oxygène O 2- (C 1 ) choisi parmi les oxydes céramiques dopés qui, à température d’utilisation, sont sous forme d’un réseau cristallin présentant des lacunes en ions oxydes et plus particulièrement sous forme de phase cubique, de phase fluorite, de phase perovskite, de type aurivillius, de phase Brown - Millerite ou de phase pyrochlore ; et de 0,01 % à 25 % en volume d’un composé (C 2 ), différent du composé (C 1 ), choisi parmi des matériaux céramiques de types oxyde, les matériaux céramiques de type non-oxyde, les métaux, les alliages métalliques ou des mélanges de ces différents types de matériaux ; et de 0 % en volume à 2,5 % en volume d’un composé (C 3 ) produit d’au moins une réaction chimique représentée par l’équation : xF C1 + yF C2 ------> zF C3 , équation dans laquelle F C1 , F C2 et F C3 , représentent les formules brutes respectives des composés (C 1 ), (C 2 ) et (C 3 ) et x, y et z représentent des nombres rationnels supérieurs ou égaux à 0. Procédé pour sa préparation et son utilisation comme matériau conducteur mixte d’un réacteur catalytique membranaire, destiné à être mis en œuvre pour synthétiser du gaz de synthèse par oxydation catalytique du méthane ou du gaz naturel et/ou comme matériau conducteur mixte d’une membrane céramique, destinée à être mise en œuvre pour séparer l’oxygène de l’air.
摘要:
A hydrogen-electricity co-production (HECP) system utilizes a fuel cell to produce hydrogen, electricity, or a combination of both hydrogen and electricity. In a first mode, the fuel cell performs an electrochemical reaction by reacting a hydrogen-containing fuel with oxygen to produce electricity, water and heat. In a second mode, the fuel cell utilizes heat released by an electrochemical reaction of the fuel cell to reform a hydrogen-containing fuel to produce hydrogen rich gas. In a third mode, both hydrogen and electricity are co-produced by the fuel cell. The HECP system can control an amount of hydrogen and/or electricity produced and switch between modes by varying an electrical load on the system.