摘要:
A reaction chamber includes: a catalyst that, in use, is wired to a power source in electrical short circuit configuration with a current limiting circuit in the power supply; and a reaction volume in which the catalyst is disposed and wherein reactants are introduced while a current is introduced across the short circuited catalyst. The reaction chamber may also be a part of system that includes the reactant feedstocks and a power supply. In operation, a plurality of reactant feedstocks are provided to a reaction volume within the reactor. The catalyst electrically activated through the short circuit to reacting the reactant feedstocks in the presence of the electrically activated catalyst. The yield product of the reactions is then collected.
摘要:
Disclosed herein is a solar reactor comprising a reactor member; an aperture for receiving solar radiation, the aperture being disposed in a plane on a wall of the reactor member, where the plane is oriented at any angle other than parallel relative to the centerline of the reactor member; a plurality of absorber tubes, wherein the absorber tubes are oriented such that their respective centerlines are at an angle other than 90° relative to the centerline of the reactor member; and wherein the aperture has a hydraulic diameter that is from 0.2 to 4 times a hydraulic diameter of at least one absorber tube in the plurality of absorber tubes; and a reactive material, the reactive material being disposed in the plurality of absorber tubes.
摘要:
The invention discloses an electrical induction heating assembly which comprises an induction heating coil surrounding and being thermally insulated from a concentric closed cylindrical chamber having an inlet and an outlet. An electrically conductive element is located within or forms part of the chamber. The chamber includes means for uniform distribution of material that is to be heated in the chamber. A body of discreet agitating media is contained within the chamber. The body of discreet agitating media typically comprise steel balls.
摘要:
Das Verfahren umfasst die Schritte des Bereitstellens eines Strömungsreaktors, welcher zur Reaktion eines Reaktandenumfassenden Fluids eingerichtet ist, des Festlegens eines Schwellwertes S1 für die Kosten der für den Strömungsreaktor zur Verfügung stehenden elektrischen Energie und/oder eines Schwellwertes S2 für den relativen Anteil von elektrischer Energie aus regenerativen Quellen der für den Strömungsreaktor zur Verfügung stehenden elektrischen Energie; und des Vergleichens der Kosten der für den Strömungsreaktor zur Verfügung stehenden elektrischen Energie mit dem Schwellwert S1 und/oder des relativen Anteils von elektrischer Energie aus regenerativen Quellen der für den Strömungsreaktor zur Verfügung stehenden elektrischen Energie mit dem Schwellwert S2. Dry Reforming- oder RWGS-Reaktionen erfolgen, wenn der Schwellwert S1 unterschritten und/oder der Schwellwert S2 überschritten werden. Katalytische Partialoxidationen erfolgen, wenn der Schwellwert S1 überschritten und/oder der Schwellwert S2 unterschritten werden.
摘要:
A solids circulation system captures and transfers char or other reacting solids from a gas stream created by a first reactor, to a second reactor. The second reactor has a dense fluid bed and converts the carbon in char or residual reactants in the solids to gaseous products. The solids circulation system comprises a cyclone that receives the gas stream with solids, the second reactor, a riser and a cyclone dipleg connected to the second reactor. A conveying fluid is utilized to transport a portion of the bed media from the second reactor through the riser to mix with the gas stream containing char or reacting solids prior to cyclone entry. The addition of the bed media helps to manipulate the properties (density and mean size) of the solids mixture that is captured by the cyclone and facilitate steady or quasi-steady dense phase flow of solids down the dipleg into the second reactor. This second reactor provides additional residence time, mixing and gas-solid contact for efficient conversion of char or reacting solids.
摘要:
Apparatus and methods for converting hydrocarbon fuels to hydrogen-rich reformate that incorporate a carbon dioxide fixing mechanism into the initial hydrocarbon conversion process. The mechanism utilizes a carbon dioxide fixing material within the reforming catalyst bed to remove carbon dioxide from the reformate product. The removal of carbon dioxide from the product stream shifts the reforming reaction equilibrium toward higher hydrocarbon conversion with only small amounts of carbon oxides produced. Fixed carbon dioxide may be released by heating the catalyst bed to a calcination temperature. Heat for releasing fixed carbon dioxide from the catalyst bed is generated internally within the reactor through oxidation. A non-uniform distribution of catalysts and carbon dioxide fixing material across catalyst bed can be utilized to achieve higher conversion rates of hydrocarbon to hydrogen-rich reformate.
摘要:
Apparatus and methods for converting hydrocarbon fuels to hydrogen-rich reformate that incorporate a carbon dioxide fixing mechanism into the initial hydrocarbon conversion process. The mechanism utilizes a carbon dioxide fixing material within the reforming catalyst bed to remove carbon dioxide from the reformate product. The removal of carbon dioxide from the product stream shifts the reforming reaction equilibrium toward higher hydrocarbon conversion with only small amounts of carbon oxides produced. Fixed carbon dioxide may be released by heating the catalyst bed to a calcination temperature. Heat for releasing fixed carbon dioxide from the catalyst bed is generated internally within the reactor through oxidation. A non-uniform distribution of catalysts and carbon dioxide fixing material across catalyst bed can be utilized to achieve higher conversion rates of hydrocarbon to hydrogen-rich reformate.
摘要:
Described herein are fuel cell systems (10, 400, 420, 440, 460) and methods of using fuel cell systems. The systems include a fuel cell (20) that generates electrical energy using hydrogen and a fuel processor (15) that produces hydrogen from a fuel source (16). The fuel processor (15) includes a reformer (32) and a burner (30) that heats the reformer (32). One heat efficient fuel cell system described herein heats internal portions of a fuel cell (20) using a heating medium from a fuel processor (15). The heating medium may comprise gases exhausted at high temperatures from the fuel processor (15), which are then transported to the fuel cell (20). The heating medium may also include a gas that reacts catalytically in the fuel cell (20) to produce heat. Systems and methods for expediting fuel cell system start up are provided. Methods for shutting down a fuel cell system are also described that reduce the amount of moisture and gases in the reformer (32) and in one or more fuel cell components. One hydrogen efficient fuel cell system described herein transports hydrogen to an inlet of a burner (30). The hydrogen may comprise unused hydrogen from a fuel cell (20)and/or hydrogen produced in a reformer (32). The burner (30) comprises a catalyst that facilitates production of heat in the presence of the hydrogen.
摘要:
Disclosed are methods for conducting catalytic reactions where energy is supplied to catalyst molecules locally by using a support having thermal and electrical conductivity wherein catalysts are dispersed therein or disposed thereon and activated through the support.
摘要:
The invention relates to a method for operating a reformer unit (1), for the preparation of a gaseous product stream (2), containing hydrogen, during a starting phase in energy generation by means of a fuel cell (3), whereby a parameter is determined which is proportional to a concentration of a noxious component in a product stream (2) and the product stream (2) is either fed to a fuel cell (3), or disposed of, according to the concentration of noxious component. The invention further relates to a reformer unit (1), which works according to the above method. The method and the reformer unit (1) are characterised in that the noxious materials occurring in a product stream (2) are kept away from a fuel cell (3) in a simple and economical manner.