摘要:
A liquid organic fuel cell is provided which employs a solid electrolyte membrane. An organic fuel, such as a methanol/water mixture, is circulated past an anode of a cell while oxygen or air is circulated past a cathode of the cell. The cell solid electrolyte membrane is preferably fabricated from Nafion™. Additionally, a method for improving the performance of carbon electrode structures for use in organic fuel cells is provided wherein a high surface-area carbon particle/Teflon™-binder structure is immersed within a Nafion™/methanol bath to impregnate the electrode with Nafion™. A method for fabricating an anode for use in a organic fuel cell is described wherein metal alloys are deposited onto the electrode in an electro-deposition solution containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. A fuel additive containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid for use with fuel cells employing a sulfuric acid electrolyte is also disclosed. New organic fuels, namely, trimethoxymethane, dimethoxymethane, and trioxane are also described for use with either conventional or improved fuel cells.
摘要:
A liquid organic fuel cell is provided which employs a solid electrolyte membrane. An organic fuel, such as a methanol/water mixture, is circulated past an anode of a cell while oxygen or air is circulated past a cathode of the cell. The cell solid electrolyte membrane is preferably fabricated from Nafion.TM.. Additionally, a method for improving the performance of carbon electrode structures for use in organic fuel cells is provided wherein a high surface-area carbon particle/Teflon.TM.-binder structure is immersed within a Nafion.TM./methanol bath to impregnate the electrode with Nafion.TM.. A method for fabricating an anode for use in a organic fuel cell is described wherein metal alloys are deposited onto the electrode in an electro-deposition solution containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. A fuel additive containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid for use with fuel cells employing a sulfuric acid electrolyte is also disclosed. New organic fuels, namely, trimethoxymethane, dimethoxymethane, and trioxane are also described for use with either conventional or improved fuel cells.
摘要:
The invention provides for \ a method of forming methanol by combining a mixture of methane, water and carbon dioxide under reaction conditions sufficient to form a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Hydrogen and carbon monoxide are reacted under conditions sufficient to form methanol. The molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide is at least two moles of hydrogen to one mole of carbon monoxide and the overall molar ratio between methane, water and carbon dioxide is about 3:2:1. Methane, carbon dioxide and water are bi-reformed over a catalyst. The catalyst includes a single metal, a metal oxide, a mixed catalyst of a metal and a metal oxide or a mixed catalyst of at least two metal oxides.
摘要:
An efficient and environmentally beneficial method of recycling and producing methanol from varied sources of carbon dioxide including flue gases of fossil fuel burning powerplants, industrial exhaust gases or the atmosphere itself. Converting carbon dioxide by chemical or electrochemical reduction seconardy treatment to produce essentially methanol, dimethyl ether and derived products.
摘要:
The invention discloses a method of converting carbon dioxide to methanol and/or dimethyl ether using any methane source or natural gas consisting of a combination of steam and dry reforming, in a specific ratio to produce a 2:1 molar ratio of hydrogen and carbon monoxide with subsequent conversion of the CO and H2 mixture exclusively to methanol and/or dimethyl ether. This method is termed the BI-REFORMING™ process. Dehydrating formed methanol allows producing dimethyl ether (DME) using any suitable catalytic method, including use of solid acid catalysts. When recycling formed water into the bi-reforming step the conversion of carbon dioxide with methane produces exclusively dimethyl ether without any by-product formation and complete utilization of hydrogen.
摘要:
The present invention relates to a method of producing methanol from a methane source by oxidizing methane under conditions sufficient to a mixture of methanol and formaldehyde while minimizing the formation of formic acid and carbon dioxide. The oxidation step is followed by treatment step in which formaldehyde is converted into methanol and formic acid which itself can further be converted into methanol via catalytic hydrogenation of intermediately formed methyl formate.
摘要:
A novel, convenient and efficient method for trifluoromethylation of substrate compounds is disclosed. Particularly, alkoxide and hydroxide induced nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of carbonyl compounds, disulfides and other electrophiles, using phenyl trifluoromethyl sulfone PhSO2CF3 (or sulfoxide PhSOCF3) is disclosed. A method of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical anti-2,2-difluoropropan-1,3-diols with high diastereoselectivity (up to 94% de) is disclosed using difluoromethyl phenyl sulfone. This unusual type of high diastereoselectivity was obtained via an intramolecular charge-charge repulsion effect rather than the traditional steric control (based on the Cram's rule). Thus, difluoromethyl phenyl sulfone can be used as a novel difluoromethylene dianion species (“−CF2−”), which can couple two electrophiles (such as diphenyl disulfide or non-enolizable aldehydes) to give new difluoromethylenated products.
摘要翻译:公开了一种用于底物化合物三氟甲基化的新颖,方便和有效的方法。 特别地,使用苯基三氟甲基砜PhSO 2 CF 3 N 3(或亚砜PhSOCF 3 N 3),烷氧基和氢氧化物诱导羰基化合物,二硫化物和其它亲电子试剂的亲核三氟甲基化 >)被公开。 使用二氟甲基苯基砜公开了具有高非对映选择性(高达94%de)的对称和不对称的2,2-二氟丙-1,3-二醇的方法。 这种不寻常类型的高非对映选择性通过分子内电荷 - 排斥效应而不是传统的空间控制获得(基于Cram的规则)。 因此,二氟甲基苯基砜可以用作新的二氟亚甲基二氧化物(“ sup> CF2”),其可以偶合两种亲电子(如二苯基二硫化物或不可烯化的 醛),得到新的二氟亚甲基化产物。
摘要:
An efficient method is disclosed for the preparation of trifluoromethyl- and difluoromethylsilanes using magnesium metal mediated reductive tri- and difluoromethylation of chlorosilanes with tri- and difluoromethyl sulfides, sulfoxides, and sulfones. One byproduct of the process is diphenyl disulfide. Since phenyl trifluoromethyl sulfone, sulfoxide and sulfide are readily prepared from readily available trifluoromethane and diphenyl disulfide, the method can be considered “pseudo-catalytic” for the preparation of (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane from environmentally benign trifluoromethane.
摘要:
A method for recycling a carbon-containing greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide and methane (natural gas) or a hydrocarbon homolog thereof. The method includes the steps of capturing the emissions, sequestering them in an underground or undersea storage area, withdrawing them from the storage area after storage therein, and converting them to carbon-containing compounds such as methanol, dimethyl ether and derived products. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane are chemically recycled to provide a permanent and inexhaustible supply of carbon-containing fuels or products, which subsequently can be combusted or used without increasing the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere. The method is thus effective in neutralizing or reducing the carbon footprint due to human activities related to combustion or use of carbon-containing fuels while providing a repeatedly sustainable carbon source.
摘要:
An embodiment lithium-ion battery comprising a lithium-ion electrolyte of ethylene carbonate; ethyl methyl carbonate; and at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of trifluoroethyl butyrate, ethyl trifluoroacetate, trifluoroethyl acetate, methyl pentafluoropropionate, and 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl propionate. Other embodiments are described and claimed.