Organic fuel cell methods and apparatus
    11.
    发明授权
    Organic fuel cell methods and apparatus 失效
    有机燃料电池的方法和装置

    公开(公告)号:US06248460B1

    公开(公告)日:2001-06-19

    申请号:US08478801

    申请日:1995-06-07

    IPC分类号: H01M810

    摘要: A liquid organic fuel cell is provided which employs a solid electrolyte membrane. An organic fuel, such as a methanol/water mixture, is circulated past an anode of a cell while oxygen or air is circulated past a cathode of the cell. The cell solid electrolyte membrane is preferably fabricated from Nafion™. Additionally, a method for improving the performance of carbon electrode structures for use in organic fuel cells is provided wherein a high surface-area carbon particle/Teflon™-binder structure is immersed within a Nafion™/methanol bath to impregnate the electrode with Nafion™. A method for fabricating an anode for use in a organic fuel cell is described wherein metal alloys are deposited onto the electrode in an electro-deposition solution containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid. A fuel additive containing perfluorooctanesulfonic acid for use with fuel cells employing a sulfuric acid electrolyte is also disclosed. New organic fuels, namely, trimethoxymethane, dimethoxymethane, and trioxane are also described for use with either conventional or improved fuel cells.

    摘要翻译: 提供一种采用固体电解质膜的液体有机燃料电池。 诸如甲醇/水混合物的有机燃料循环通过电池的阳极,同时氧气或空气循环通过电池的阴极。 电池固体电解质膜优选由Nafion TM制造。 另外,提供了一种用于改善用于有机燃料电池的碳电极结构的性能的方法,其中将高表面积碳颗粒/ Teflon TM粘合剂结构浸入Nafion TM /甲醇浴中以浸渍 电极与Nafion TM。 其中描述了一种用于制造用于有机燃料电池的阳极的方法,其中金属合金沉积在含有全氟辛烷磺酸的电沉积溶液中的电极上。 还公开了一种用于与使用硫酸电解质的燃料电池一起使用的全氟辛烷磺酸的燃料添加剂。 还描述了新的有机燃料,即三甲氧基甲烷,二甲氧基甲烷和三恶烷,用于常规或改进的燃料电池。

    Methods for nucleophilic fluoromethylation
    17.
    发明授权
    Methods for nucleophilic fluoromethylation 有权
    亲核氟甲基化方法

    公开(公告)号:US07087789B2

    公开(公告)日:2006-08-08

    申请号:US10755902

    申请日:2004-01-12

    IPC分类号: C07C319/00

    摘要: A novel, convenient and efficient method for trifluoromethylation of substrate compounds is disclosed. Particularly, alkoxide and hydroxide induced nucleophilic trifluoromethylation of carbonyl compounds, disulfides and other electrophiles, using phenyl trifluoromethyl sulfone PhSO2CF3 (or sulfoxide PhSOCF3) is disclosed. A method of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical anti-2,2-difluoropropan-1,3-diols with high diastereoselectivity (up to 94% de) is disclosed using difluoromethyl phenyl sulfone. This unusual type of high diastereoselectivity was obtained via an intramolecular charge-charge repulsion effect rather than the traditional steric control (based on the Cram's rule). Thus, difluoromethyl phenyl sulfone can be used as a novel difluoromethylene dianion species (“−CF2−”), which can couple two electrophiles (such as diphenyl disulfide or non-enolizable aldehydes) to give new difluoromethylenated products.

    摘要翻译: 公开了一种用于底物化合物三氟甲基化的新颖,方便和有效的方法。 特别地,使用苯基三氟甲基砜PhSO 2 CF 3 N 3(或亚砜PhSOCF 3 N 3),烷氧基和氢氧化物诱导羰基化合物,二硫化物和其它亲电子试剂的亲核三氟甲基化 >)被公开。 使用二氟甲基苯基砜公开了具有高非对映选择性(高达94%de)的对称和不对称的2,2-二氟丙-1,3-二醇的方法。 这种不寻常类型的高非对映选择性通过分子内电荷 - 排斥效应而不是传统的空间控制获得(基于Cram的规则)。 因此,二氟甲基苯基砜可以用作新的二氟亚甲基二氧化物(“ CF2”),其可以偶合两种亲电子(如二苯基二硫化物或不可烯化的 醛),得到新的二氟亚甲基化产物。

    Magnesium mediated preparation of fluorinated alkyl silanes
    18.
    发明授权
    Magnesium mediated preparation of fluorinated alkyl silanes 失效
    镁介导氟化烷基硅烷的制备

    公开(公告)号:US06803477B2

    公开(公告)日:2004-10-12

    申请号:US10305025

    申请日:2002-11-27

    IPC分类号: C07F704

    CPC分类号: C07F7/0827

    摘要: An efficient method is disclosed for the preparation of trifluoromethyl- and difluoromethylsilanes using magnesium metal mediated reductive tri- and difluoromethylation of chlorosilanes with tri- and difluoromethyl sulfides, sulfoxides, and sulfones. One byproduct of the process is diphenyl disulfide. Since phenyl trifluoromethyl sulfone, sulfoxide and sulfide are readily prepared from readily available trifluoromethane and diphenyl disulfide, the method can be considered “pseudo-catalytic” for the preparation of (trifluoromethyl)trimethylsilane from environmentally benign trifluoromethane.

    摘要翻译: 公开了一种使用镁金属介导的氯硅烷与三 - 和二氟甲基硫化物,亚砜和砜的还原性三氟甲基化和二氟甲基化制备三氟甲基 - 和二氟甲基硅烷的有效方法。 该方法的一个副产物是二苯基二硫化物。 由于苯基三氟甲基砜,亚砜和硫化物容易由容易得到的三氟甲烷和二苯基二硫化物制备,所以该方法可以被认为是用于从环境友好的三氟甲烷制备(三氟甲基)三甲基硅烷的“假催化”。

    Recycling carbon dioxide via capture and temporary storage to produce renewable fuels and derived products
    19.
    发明授权
    Recycling carbon dioxide via capture and temporary storage to produce renewable fuels and derived products 有权
    通过捕获和临时储存来回收二氧化碳,以生产可再生燃料和衍生产品

    公开(公告)号:US09504952B2

    公开(公告)日:2016-11-29

    申请号:US13877894

    申请日:2011-09-09

    摘要: A method for recycling a carbon-containing greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide and methane (natural gas) or a hydrocarbon homolog thereof. The method includes the steps of capturing the emissions, sequestering them in an underground or undersea storage area, withdrawing them from the storage area after storage therein, and converting them to carbon-containing compounds such as methanol, dimethyl ether and derived products. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane are chemically recycled to provide a permanent and inexhaustible supply of carbon-containing fuels or products, which subsequently can be combusted or used without increasing the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere. The method is thus effective in neutralizing or reducing the carbon footprint due to human activities related to combustion or use of carbon-containing fuels while providing a repeatedly sustainable carbon source.

    摘要翻译: 用于回收含碳的温室气体排放物如二氧化碳和甲烷(天然气)或其烃同系物的方法。 该方法包括以下步骤:捕获排放物,将其隔离在地下或海底存储区域,在储存之后将其从储存区域取出,并将其转化为含碳化合物如甲醇,二甲醚和衍生产物。 温室气体如二氧化碳和甲烷被化学再循环,以提供永久性和无穷无尽的含碳燃料或产品供应,其随后可以燃烧或使用而不增加大气中的二氧化碳含量。 因此,该方法有效地中和或减少由于与燃烧或使用含碳燃料相关的人类活动而产生的碳足迹,同时提供了可反复持续的碳源。