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公开(公告)号：US06485380B2
公开(公告)日：2002-11-26
申请号：US09759855
申请日：2001-01-12
申请人： Ronald Spangler , David Gilbert , Carl Prestia , Emanuele Bianchini , Kenneth B. Lazarus , Jeffrey W. Moore , Robert N. Jacques , Jonathan C. Allen , Farla M. Russo
发明人： Ronald Spangler , David Gilbert , Carl Prestia , Emanuele Bianchini , Kenneth B. Lazarus , Jeffrey W. Moore , Robert N. Jacques , Jonathan C. Allen , Farla M. Russo
IPC分类号： A63B4902
摘要： A golf club includes an electroactive assembly attached to the club and electrically tuned to capture energy from one or more vibrational modes with high efficiency. More generally, a sports implement includes an electroactive element, such as a piezoceramic sheet attached to the implement, and a circuit attached to the electroactive element. The circuit may be a shunt, or may include processing such as amplification and phase control to apply a driving signal which may compensate for strain sensed in the implement, or may simply alter the stiffness to affect performance. The electroactive element is located in a region of high strain to apply damping, and may include plural subassemblies mounted to capture energy in different planes, or to capture an asymmetric strain distribution while maintaining structural symmetry. In a ski the element captures between about one and five percent of the strain energy of the ski. The region of high strain may be found by modeling mechanics of the sports implement, or may be located by empirically mapping the strain distribution which occurs during use of the implement. In other embodiments, the electroactive elements may remove resonances, adapt performance to different situations, or enhance handling or comfort of the implement. Other embodiments include striking implements intended to hit a ball or object in play, such as mallets, bats and tennis racquets, wherein the strain elements may alter the performance, feel or comfort of the implement. The electroactive elements may be configured in sets to capture energy in different modes, and/or energy distributed along different directions.
摘要翻译： 高尔夫球杆包括附接到球杆的电动组件，并且被电调谐以从高效率的一个或多个振动模式捕获能量。 更一般地，运动器具包括电活性元件，例如附接到器具的压电陶瓷片和连接到电活性元件的电路。 该电路可以是分流器，或者可以包括诸如放大和相位控制的处理以施加可以补偿在工具中感测到的应变的驱动信号，或者可以简单地改变刚度以影响性能。 电活性元件位于高应变区域以施加阻尼，并且可以包括安装成在不同平面中捕获能量的多个子组件，或者捕获不对称应变分布同时保持结构对称性。 在滑雪板中，元素捕获滑雪板的约百分之一至百分之五的应变能量。 高应变区域可以通过运动器具的建模力学来发现，或者可以通过经验地绘制在使用中发生的应变分布来定位。 在其它实施例中，电活性元件可以去除谐振，适应不同情况的性能，或增强器具的处理或舒适度。 其他实施例包括旨在击打球或游戏中的对象的打击工具，例如槌，蝙蝠和网球拍，其中应变元件可改变工具的性能，感觉或舒适性。 电活性元件可以被配置成以不同模式捕获能量和/或沿着不同方向分布的能量。
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公开(公告)号：US06345834B1
公开(公告)日：2002-02-12
申请号：US08957839
申请日：1997-10-27
申请人： Emanuele Bianchini , Kenneth B. Lazarus , Jeffrey W. Moore , Robert N. Jacques , Jonathan C. Allen
发明人： Emanuele Bianchini , Kenneth B. Lazarus , Jeffrey W. Moore , Robert N. Jacques , Jonathan C. Allen
IPC分类号： A63C5075
CPC分类号： A63C5/075 , A63B53/00 , A63B60/54 , A63B2208/12 , A63C5/03
摘要： A recreational board such as a snowboard incorporates strain transducers to damp a plate resonance of the board. The strain transducers are preferably located around a peripheral region to capture strain energy affecting control edges, for example steering control edges at the front and/or rear of the board. Electrical energy from the transducers is shunted to damp a targeted resonance. In a preferred embodiment the strain transducers cover a region of the snowboard adjacent one surface and extending along the forward periphery, preferably at both inside and outside edges, and are shunted with a resonant shunt tuned to a torsional or torsion-like mode of the board that is excited during steering maneuvers. The transducers may be fabricated as preassembled sheets or may be formed in the snowboard during the assembly process using sheets of piezoceramic material, or using piezo fiber or other composite constructions. The strain material may be positioned to preferentially shift or damp one resonance mode, and/or it may be arranged to exert a directional effect or anisotropic control authority. A passively operated embodiment employs a simple resistive shunt to enhance control of strain energy at the frequency of a resonant mode of the snowboard. Damping of that mode reduces chatter of the steering edges in use. The strain elements may be used in conjunction with viscoelastic or other damping mechanisms to tailor the overall level of mechanical control and limit the allowed excitations of the board.
摘要翻译： 诸如滑雪板的娱乐板包括应变传感器以阻止板的共振。 应变传感器优选地围绕周边区域定位以捕获影响控制边缘的应变能，例如在板的前部和/或后部的转向控制边缘。 来自换能器的电能被分流以阻尼目标共振。 在优选实施例中，应变传感器覆盖邻近一个表面的滑雪板的区域，并且沿着前部周边延伸，优选地在内部和外部边缘处延伸，并且利用调谐到板的扭转或扭转模式的谐振分流器分流 在转向机动时激动。 传感器可以制造为预组装的片材，或者可以在组装过程中使用压片陶瓷材料片材，或使用压电纤维或其它复合结构形成在滑雪板中。 应变材料可以被定位成优先移位或抑制一个共振模式，和/或其可以被布置成施加方向效应或各向异性控制权限。 被动操作的实施例采用简单的电阻分路来增强在滑雪板的谐振模式的频率处的应变能的控制。 该模式的阻尼减少了使用中转向边缘的颤动。 应变元件可以与粘弹性或其他阻尼机构结合使用，以适应机械控制的总体水平并限制板的允许激励。
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公开(公告)号：US06196935B1
公开(公告)日：2001-03-06
申请号：US09057972
申请日：1998-04-09
申请人： Ronald Spangler , David Gilbert , Carl Prestia , Emanuele Bianchini , Kenneth B. Lazarus , Jeffrey W. Moore , Robert N. Jacques , Jonathan C. Allen , Farla M. Russo
发明人： Ronald Spangler , David Gilbert , Carl Prestia , Emanuele Bianchini , Kenneth B. Lazarus , Jeffrey W. Moore , Robert N. Jacques , Jonathan C. Allen , Farla M. Russo
IPC分类号： A63B5300
摘要： A golf club includes an electroactive assembly attached to the club and electrically tuned to capture energy from one or more vibrational modes with high efficiency. More generally, a sports implement includes an electroactive element, such as a piezoceramic sheet attached to the implement, and a circuit attached to the electroactive element. The circuit may be a shunt, or may include processing such as amplification and phase control to apply a driving signal which may compensate for strain sensed in the implement, or may simply alter the stiffness to affect performance. The electroactive element is located in a region of high strain to apply damping, and may include plural subassemblies mounted to capture energy in different planes, or to capture an asymmetric strain distribution while maintaining structural symmetry. In a ski the element captures between about one and five percent of the strain energy of the ski. The region of high strain may be found by modeling mechanics of the sports implement, or may be located by empirically mapping the strain distribution which occurs during use of the implement. In other embodiments, the electroactive elements may remove resonances, adapt performance to different situations, or enhance handling or comfort of the implement. Other embodiments include striking implements intended to hit a ball or object in play, such as mallets, bats and tennis racquets, wherein the strain elements may alter the performance, feel or comfort of the implement. The electroactive elements may be configured in sets to capture energy in different modes, and/or energy distributed along different directions.
摘要翻译： 高尔夫球杆包括附接到球杆的电动组件，并且被电调谐以从高效率的一个或多个振动模式捕获能量。 更一般地，运动器具包括电活性元件，例如附接到器具的压电陶瓷片和连接到电活性元件的电路。 该电路可以是分流器，或者可以包括诸如放大和相位控制的处理以施加可以补偿在工具中感测到的应变的驱动信号，或者可以简单地改变刚度以影响性能。 电活性元件位于高应变区域以施加阻尼，并且可以包括安装成在不同平面中捕获能量的多个子组件，或者捕获不对称应变分布同时保持结构对称性。 在滑雪板中，元素捕获滑雪板的约百分之一至百分之五的应变能量。 高应变区域可以通过运动器具的建模力学来发现，或者可以通过经验地绘制在使用中发生的应变分布来定位。 在其它实施例中，电活性元件可以去除谐振，适应不同情况的性能，或增强器具的处理或舒适度。 其他实施例包括旨在击打球或游戏中的对象的打击工具，例如槌，蝙蝠和网球拍，其中应变元件可改变工具的性能，感觉或舒适性。 电活性元件可以被配置成以不同模式捕获能量和/或沿着不同方向分布的能量。
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公开(公告)号：US6086490A
公开(公告)日：2000-07-11
申请号：US54940
申请日：1998-04-03
申请人： Ronald Spangler , David Gilbert , Carl Prestia , Emanuele Bianchini , Kenneth B. Lazarus , Jeffrey W. Moore , Robert N. Jacques , Jonathan C. Allen , Farla M. Russo
发明人： Ronald Spangler , David Gilbert , Carl Prestia , Emanuele Bianchini , Kenneth B. Lazarus , Jeffrey W. Moore , Robert N. Jacques , Jonathan C. Allen , Farla M. Russo
CPC分类号： A63C5/075 , A63B60/54 , A63B2208/12 , A63B53/00
摘要： A baseball bat includes an electroactive assembly attached near the handle and electrically tuned to capture energy from several modes with high efficiency. More generally, a sports implement includes an electroactive element, such as a piezoceramic sheet attached to the implement, and a circuit attached to the electroactive element. The circuit may be a shunt, or may include processing such as amplification and phase control to apply a driving signal which may compensate for strain sensed in the implement, or may simply alter the stiffness to affect performance. In a ski, the electroactive element is located near to the root in a region of high strain to apply damping, and the element captures between about one and five percent of the strain energy of the ski. The region of high strain may be found by modeling mechanics of the sports implement, or may be located by empirically mapping the strain distribution which occurs during use of the implement. In other embodiments, the electroactive elements may remove resonances, adapt performance to different situations, or enhance handling or comfort of the implement. Other embodiments include striking implements intended to hit a ball or object in play, such as mallets, golf clubs and tennis racquets, wherein the strain elements may alter the performance, feel or comfort of the implement. The electroactive elements may be configured in sets to capture energy in different modes, and/or along different directions.
摘要翻译： 棒球棒包括附接在手柄附近的电活性组件，并被电调谐以从高效率的几种模式捕获能量。 更一般地，运动器具包括电活性元件，例如附接到器具的压电陶瓷片和连接到电活性元件的电路。 该电路可以是分流器，或者可以包括诸如放大和相位控制的处理以施加可以补偿在工具中感测到的应变的驱动信号，或者可以简单地改变刚度以影响性能。 在滑雪板中，电活性元件位于高应变区域的根部附近以施加阻尼，并且该元件捕获滑雪板的约百分之一至百分之五的应变能量。 高应变区域可以通过运动器具的建模力学来发现，或者可以通过经验地绘制在使用中发生的应变分布来定位。 在其它实施例中，电活性元件可以去除谐振，适应不同情况的性能，或增强器具的处理或舒适度。 其他实施例包括旨在击打游戏中的球或物体的打击工具，例如槌，高尔夫球杆和网球，其中应变元件可改变工具的性能，感觉或舒适性。 电活性元件可以被配置成以不同模式和/或沿不同方向捕获能量。
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公开(公告)号：US5857694A
公开(公告)日：1999-01-12
申请号：US536067
申请日：1995-09-29
CPC分类号： A63C5/075 , A63B60/54 , A63B2208/12 , A63B53/00
摘要： A sports implement including an electroactive element, such as a piezoceramic sheet attached to the implement and a circuit attached to the electroactive element. The circuit may be a shunt, or may include processing such as amplification and phase control to apply a driving signal which may compensate for strain sensed in the implement, or may simply alter the stiffness to affect performance. In a ski, the electroactive element is located near to the root in a region of high strain to apply damping, and the element captures between about one and five percent of the strain energy of the ski. The region of high strain may be found by modeling mechanics of the sports implement, or may be located by empirically mapping the strain distribution which occurs during use of the implement. In other embodiments, the electroactive elements may remove resonances, adapt performance to different situations, or enhance handling or comfort of the implement. Other embodiments include striking implements intended to hit a ball or object in play, such as golf clubs and tennis racquets, wherein the strain elements may alter the performance, feel or comfort of the implement.
摘要翻译： 一种运动器具，其包括电活性元件，例如附接到所述器具的压电陶瓷片和附接到所述电活性元件的电路。 该电路可以是分流器，或者可以包括诸如放大和相位控制的处理以施加可以补偿在工具中感测到的应变的驱动信号，或者可以简单地改变刚度以影响性能。 在滑雪板中，电活性元件位于高应变区域的根部附近以施加阻尼，并且该元件捕获滑雪板的约百分之一至百分之五的应变能量。 高应变区域可以通过运动器具的建模力学来发现，或者可以通过经验地绘制在使用中发生的应变分布来定位。 在其它实施例中，电活性元件可以去除谐振，适应不同情况的性能，或增强器具的处理或舒适度。 其他实施例包括旨在击中游戏中的球或物体的打击工具，例如高尔夫球杆和网球拍，其中应变元件可改变工具的性能，感觉或舒适性。
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公开(公告)号：US6102426A
公开(公告)日：2000-08-15
申请号：US797004
申请日：1997-02-07
摘要： A sports implement includes an electroactive element such as a piezoceramic sheet attached to the implement and a shunt circuit attached to the electroactive element to counteract strain or alter stiffness of the implement to affect its performance. In a ski, one shunt circuit is neither a linear nor a highly tuned shunt, but is a low Q resonant inductive shunt tuned to a performance band of the ski to enhance dissipation of energy from of the electroactive element. The performance band includes at least one structural mode of the ski and a neighborhood of that mode. The neighborhood may include variations in the frequency of a first or higher free structural resonance which arise from production variations or size variations of the ski or its components. The neighborhood may also be selected to cover the range of frequencies that mode takes when driven by actual disturbances in use, such as the vibrations excited when skiing at a particular range of speeds, or with a particular set of conditions or combination of conditions of temperature, speed, snow and terrain. In other embodiments, the tuned band shunt control may be switched to remove a resonance, adapt performance to different situations, or enhance handling or comfort of the implement. Other embodiments include striking implements intended to hit a ball or object in play, such as golf clubs and tennis racquets, wherein the strain elements may alter the performance, feel or comfort of the implement.
摘要翻译： 运动器具包括电活性元件，例如附接到器具的压电陶瓷片，以及附接到电活性元件的分流电路，以抵消器具的应变或改变器件的刚度以影响其性能。 在滑雪板中，一个分流电路既不是线性的，也不是高度调谐的分流器，而是一个低Q谐振感应分流器，调谐到滑雪板的性能带，以增强电活性元件的能量耗散。 表演乐队包括滑雪板的至少一种结构模式和该模式的邻域。 该邻域可以包括由滑雪板或其部件的生产变化或尺寸变化引起的第一或更高自由结构共振频率的变化。 也可以选择该邻域来覆盖由使用中的实际扰动驱动的模式所采用的频率范围，例如在特定速度范围内滑雪时激发的振动，或者特定的一组条件或温度条件的组合 ，速度，雪地和地形。 在其他实施例中，可以切换调谐带分流控制以去除谐振，适应不同情况的性能，或增强器具的处理或舒适度。 其他实施例包括旨在击中游戏中的球或物体的打击工具，例如高尔夫球杆和网球拍，其中应变元件可改变工具的性能，感觉或舒适性。
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公开(公告)号：US06193029B1
公开(公告)日：2001-02-27
申请号：US08890955
申请日：1997-07-08
申请人： Edward F. Crawley , Kenneth B. Lazarus , Jeffrey W. Moore , Douglas A. Simpson , Gerald F. Caron , Farla M. Russo
发明人： Edward F. Crawley , Kenneth B. Lazarus , Jeffrey W. Moore , Douglas A. Simpson , Gerald F. Caron , Farla M. Russo
IPC分类号： F16F932
CPC分类号： F16F9/463 , F16F9/34 , F16F9/466 , F16F2224/0283
摘要： A valve regulates fluid displacement in a damper assembly, for example, displacement of hydraulic fluid in a sealed shock absorber. The valve is placed between a portion of fluid at one pressure and regulates the passage of fluid through an aperture or passage to a portion of fluid at a lower pressure by a blocking member which moves to obstruct the aperture in accordance with a desired level of damping. The blocking member is, or is driven by, an electroactive device, such as a bimorph actuator formed of ferroelectric material. In one embodiment, the blocking member is a bimorph which covers the aperture, and is flexibly displaced by passage of pressurized fluid through the aperture. A controller provides an electrical actuation signal to move the bimorph toward or away from the aperture, augmenting or decreasing its closing bias to affect both the threshold flow initiation pressure and the rate of flow once the passage opens. Preferably the blocking member is a flexible piezoelectric assembly, which moves across a gap to provide a varying obstruction in the near field of fluid flow as the fluid moves through the passage. Piezobenders, washers and various pinned or cantilevered constructions of electroactive elements are adapted to different passage geometries. The valve assembly may be implemented in a plenum that attaches between chambers of a fluid housing, and include a first passage leading to one side, illustratively the high pressure side, of the damping piston, and a second passage connecting to the other, e.g., low pressure side of the piston. A piezo bender covers an elongated opening between the first and second passages and a controller moves the bender toward or away from the opening to reduce or increase flow. Preferably, a position sensor connected to the controller senses piston position, and the controller operates to energize the bender and to obstruct the opening or to further restrict flow if the piston position or its velocity is determined to lie above a threshold.
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公开(公告)号：US6024340A
公开(公告)日：2000-02-15
申请号：US760607
申请日：1996-12-04
CPC分类号： H01L41/0926 , F16K31/004 , H01L41/094
摘要： A valve assembly includes a flexible sheet actuator in which two piezo sheets are stacked and actuated in opposite senses to form a bending assembly. The inner faces of the first and second sheets of piezoelectric material are laminated to respective conductive lead paths on opposite sides of a two-sided flex circuit, and the outer faces of the sheets of material are each covered by and electrically contacted to another flex circuit to produce a totally enclosed flat bender. At least a portion of the flex circuits extend away from the bender to provide a flexible and robust conductive lead-in thereto. The electrical connection is a flat ribbon-like strip of lesser thickness than the bender, and may pass hermetically between a gasketed or sealed face and cover plate of the valve. The middle layer of the bender construction is an insulating film, and a narrow lead pattern on each side of the film provides an extended electrode contact path to each of the opposing piezo sheets while allowing the two sheets to act against each other through the film, achieving a high level of bending actuation. The actuator is an essentially planar assembly which both insulates the piezo electric elements and allows them to be cantilevered from a housing with a simple flat clamping plate. The electrode paths extending outside the clamped region may connect to one or more adjacent piezo elements, forming a multi-actuator strip assembly. Holes are punched through the assembly away from the piezo elements or lead paths to provide registration or to accommodate mounting bolts.
摘要翻译： 阀组件包括柔性片致动器，其中两个压电片层叠并以相反的方向致动以形成弯曲组件。 第一和第二片压电材料的内表面被层叠到双面柔性电路的相对侧上的相应的导电引线路径上，并且材料片的外表面各自被覆盖并与另一个柔性电路电接触 生产一个完全封闭的平面弯曲机。 柔性电路的至少一部分远离弯曲器延伸，以提供其中柔性且牢固的导电引入。 电连接是比弯曲机厚度小的扁平带状条，并且可以密封地通过阀的密封面或密封面和盖板。 弯曲结构的中间层是绝缘膜，并且薄膜的每一侧上的窄引线图案提供了每个相对的压电片的延伸的电极接触路径，同时允许两个片通过膜彼此作用， 实现高水平的弯曲致动。 致动器是基本上平面的组件，其将压电元件绝缘，并且允许它们用简单的平板夹板从壳体悬臂。 延伸在夹紧区域外部的电极路径可以连接到一个或多个相邻的压电元件，形成多致动器条组件。 孔通过组件穿过压电元件或引导路径，以提供对准或适应安装螺栓。
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公开(公告)号：US06291928B1
公开(公告)日：2001-09-18
申请号：US09461941
申请日：1999-12-15
申请人： Kenneth B. Lazarus , Jeffrey W. Moore , Erik Saarmaa , Eric Fitch , Carl Prestia , Edward F. Crawley
发明人： Kenneth B. Lazarus , Jeffrey W. Moore , Erik Saarmaa , Eric Fitch , Carl Prestia , Edward F. Crawley
IPC分类号： H01L4108
CPC分类号： H02N2/043
摘要： A hybrid actuator includes strain actuated elements that displace fluid to move a piston, with the elements forming a fluid housing, and being oriented and actuated to optimize force, stroke or bandwidth. In one preferred embodiment the elements are cylinders enclosing the fluid, with radial and axial components of strain-induced dimensional change adding together to enhance displacement. In another preferred embodiment, piezo bender elements produce large stroke, high bandwidth movements. Strokes of up to fifty percent of actuator length, and bandwidths above 500 Hz are achieved in light weight electrically actuated devices free of external piping or hydraulics. The actuator is readily integrated into a gate valve, sub-woofer, or other driven device.
摘要翻译： 混合致动器包括应变致动元件，其移动流体以移动活塞，其中元件形成流体壳体，并且被定向和致动以优化力，冲程或带宽。 在一个优选实施例中，元件是包围流体的圆柱体，应变引起的尺寸变化的径向和轴向分量加在一起以增加位移。 在另一个优选实施例中，压电弯曲元件产生大笔划，高带宽移动。 在不受外部管道或液压作用的轻型电动装置中实现高达致动器长度的50％的行程和500Hz以上的带宽。 致动器易于集成到闸阀，次低音扬声器或其他被驱动装置中。
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公开(公告)号：US5656882A
公开(公告)日：1997-08-12
申请号：US711249
申请日：1996-09-10
IPC分类号： G01L1/16 , G03F7/20 , H01L41/047 , H01L41/053 , H01L41/09 , H01L41/22 , H02N2/00 , H03H9/17 , H04R17/08 , H01L41/08
CPC分类号： H01L41/23 , G03F7/70725 , G03F7/70758 , G03F7/709 , H01L41/047 , H01L41/053 , H01L41/0926 , H01L41/0933 , H01L41/094 , H01L41/0953 , H01L41/0993 , H04R17/08 , Y10T29/42 , Y10T29/49126 , Y10T29/49128 , Y10T29/49146
摘要： A modular actuator assembly includes one or more plates or elements of electro-active material bonded to an electroded sheet, preferably by a structural polymer to form a card. The card is sealed, and may itself constitute a practical device, such as a vane, shaker, stirrer, lever, pusher or sonicator for direct contact with a solid or immersion in a fluid, or may be bonded by a stiff adhesive to make a surface-to-surface mechanical coupling with a solid workpiece, device, substrate, machine or sample. The structural polymer provides a bending stiffness such that the thin plate does not deform to its breaking point, and a mechanical stiffness such that shear forces are efficiently coupled from the plate to the workpiece. In further embodiments, the card may include active circuit elements for switching, powering or processing signals, and/or passive circuit elements for filtering, matching or damping signals, so that few or no connections to outside circuitry are required. The actuator assembly can be manufactured in quantity, to provide a versatile actuator with uniform mechanical and actuation characteristics, that introduces negligible mass loading to the workpiece. The cards themselves may be arranged as independent mechanical actuators, rather than strain-transfer actuators, in which the induced strain changes the position of the card. Various arrangements of pinned or cantilevered cards may act as a pusher, bender or other motive actuator, and structures such as powered bellows may be formed directly by folding one or more suitably patterned cards.
摘要翻译： 模块化致动器组件包括一个或多个电活性材料的板或元件，其结合到电镀片材上，优选地通过结构聚合物形成卡片。 该卡被密封，并且本身可以构成用于与固体直接接触或浸入流体中的实际装置，例如叶片，摇动器，搅拌器，杠杆，推动器或超声波器，或者可以通过刚性粘合剂粘合以形成 与实体工件，器件，基板，机器或样品的表面到表面的机械耦合。 结构聚合物提供弯曲刚度，使得薄板不会变形到其断裂点，并且具有机械刚度，使得剪切力从板有效地耦合到工件。 在另外的实施例中，卡可以包括用于切换，供电或处理信号的有源电路元件，和/或用于滤波，匹配或阻尼信号的无源电路元件，使得很少或者不需要与外部电路的连接。 致动器组件可以大量制造，以提供具有均匀机械和致动特性的通用致动器，其将可忽略的质量负载引入到工件中。 卡本身可以被布置为独立的机械致动器，而不是应变传递致动器，其中感应应变改变卡的位置。 钉扎或悬臂卡的各种布置可以用作推动器，弯曲机或其它动作致动器，并且诸如动力波纹管的结构可以通过折叠一个或多个适当图案化的卡直接形成。
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