摘要:
A method for operating an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine, wherein nitrogen oxide (NOx) is reduced by use of a SCR catalytic converter and wherein the ageing state of the SCR catalytic converter is monitored, characterized in that during a temporally limited phase having a high proportion of nitrogen oxide (NOx) in the exhaust gas, a conversion of said SCR catalytic converter is acquired and evaluated and the ageing state of said SCR catalytic converter is suggested therefrom.
摘要:
A method for operating an exhaust system of an internal combustion engine, wherein nitrogen oxide (NOx) is reduced by use of a SCR catalytic converter and wherein the ageing state of the SCR catalytic converter is monitored, characterized in that during a temporally limited phase having a high proportion of nitrogen oxide (NOx) in the exhaust gas, a conversion of said SCR catalytic converter is acquired and evaluated and the ageing state of said SCR catalytic converter is suggested therefrom.
摘要:
The invention concerns a procedure to determine the sulfur removal of a NOx storage catalytic converter in an exhaust gas aftertreatment system of an internal combustion engine, whereby conditions, in which a surplus of the reducing agent is generated in the internal combustion engine, are adjusted in the internal combustion engine for the sulfur removal, whereby a SOx removal amount is determined in a SOx removal calculation using a model from the reducing agent flow and from additional operating parameters of the internal combustion engine. In so doing, dynamic effects during the desulferization of the NOx storage catalytic converter can be better taken into account for the SOx removal calculation; and in so doing, the subsequent effect of the NOx storage catalytic converter on the reduction of the nitrogen oxides in the exhaust gas can be more accurately predicted, which makes the process management more streamlined and consequently more fuel efficient.
摘要:
The invention relates to a method for producing the nitrites of formula: R1—CN by reacting aldehyde oximes (R1CN═N—OH) with cyclic alkylphosphonic anhydrides at a temperature ranging from −100 to +120° C., wherein R1 represents H, a linear or branched C1-C12 alkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl, alkenyl or an aryl or heteroaryl group. The cyclic phosphonic anhydride preferably used is a 2,4,6-substituted 1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphinane-2,4,6-trioxide of formula (I), wherein R′ independently represents allyl, aryl or open-chain or branched C1 to C12 alkyl groups. Optionally, the reaction can be carried out in the presence of a tertiary amine base NR23
摘要:
The invention relates to a method for the production of a.) aldehydes of formula (II): R1—CHO and b.) aldehydes of formula (III): R1—C(O)—R2 by reacting a.) primary alcohols (R1CH2—OH) or b.) secondary alcohols (R1—CH(OH)—R2) with cyclic phosphonic acid anhydrides in the presence of dialkyl-, diaryl- and/or alkyl-aryl sulphonic oxides at a temperature in the region of between −100 to +120° C., whereby R1 and/or R2 represent H, a substituted linear or branched C1-C12-alkyl radical, a substituted C3-C10 cycloalkyl-, alkenyl-, aryl- or heteroaryl radical. A cyclic phosphonic acid anhydride is used, preferably, as a 2,4,6-substituted 1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphinane of formula (I), wherein R′ independently represents allyl, aryl or open-chained or branched C1-C12-alkyl-radicals. Optionally, the reaction can be carried out in the presence of a tertiary amine base NR53
摘要:
The present invention relates to a linker nucleoside, its preparation and use for the covalent bonding of biomolecules to oligonucleotides, in particular p-RNA oligonucleotides.
摘要:
The invention relates to a method for producing [1,1′:4′,1″]-terphenyl compounds of the formula which comprises reacting a metal aryl of the formula with a boric ester at −80 to 40° C. in the presence of an inert solvent, converting the reaction product by hydrolysis into a boronic acid of the formula reacting the boronic acid, a boronic anhydride obtainable from boronic acid by elimination of water, or a mixture of boronic acid and boronic anhydride, with an alcohol, and reacting the boronic ester formed thereby with a biphenyl compound of the formula at 40 to 180° C. in the presence of a catalyst, of an acid-binding agent and of a polar solvent.
摘要:
A procedure is introduced to operate a diesel engine, which has a catalytic converter with three-way conversion characteristics. The procedure is characterized thereby, in that if the engine rotational speed increases without in the process exceeding an engine rotational speed threshold value and the engine's load is greater than a load threshold value, the diesel engine is operated in such a manner that the diesel engine alternately generates an oxidizing and a reductive exhaust gas atmosphere before the catalytic converter. Additionally a control unit is introduced, which controls the sequence of the procedure.
摘要:
The present invention relates to a crystalline modification of fipronil, to a process for the preparation of the same, to pesticidal and parasiticidal mixtures and compositions comprising said crystalline modification and to their use for combating pests and parasites.
摘要:
The invention relates to conjugates including at least one linker, a biomolecule coupled to the linker, and cyclohexane derivatives of the following formula: and oligomers thereof.