Abstract:
InGaN offers a route to high efficiency overall water splitting under one-step photo- excitation. Further, the chemical stability of metal-nitrides supports their use as an alternative photocatalyst. However, the efficiency of overall water splitting using InGaN and other visible light responsive photocatalysts has remained extremely low despite prior art work addressing optical absorption through band gap engineering. Within this prior art the detrimental effects of unbalanced charge carrier extraction/collection on the efficiency of the four electron-hole water splitting reaction have remained largely unaddressed. To address this growth processes are presented that allow for controlled adjustment and establishment of the appropriate Fermi level and / or band bending in order to allow the photochemical water splitting to proceed at high rate and high efficiency. Beneficially, establishing such material surface charge properties also reduces photo-corrosion and instability under harsh photocatalysis conditions.
Abstract:
Verfahren zur Erwärmung von partikulären Feststoffen während der Oberflächenmodifizierung, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der partikuläre Feststoff mittels einer Infrarotlampe erwärmt wird. Das Verfahren wird benutzt zur Modifizierung von SiO 2 mit Organosiliciumverbindungen.
Abstract:
A process and apparatus for producing nano-scale catalyst particles includes feeding at least one decomposable moiety selected from the group consisting of organometallic compounds, metal complexes, metal coordination compounds and mixtures thereof into a reactor vessel (20); exposing the decomposable moiety to a source of energy sufficient to decompose the moiety and produce nano-scale metal particles; and depositing the nano-scale catalyst particles on a support (30).
Abstract:
A continuous process and system for producing nano-scale metal particles includes feeding at least one decomposable moiety selected from the group consisting of organometallic compounds, metal complexes, metal coordination compounds and mixtures thereof into a reactor vessel (20); exposing the decomposable moiety to a source of energy sufficient to decompose the moiety and produce nano-scale metal particles; and depositing or collecting the nano-scale metal particles.
Abstract:
The invention relates to a device for heating substrates with an emitter (1) for the emission of electromagnetic radiation (6) in a wavelength range of 200 nm to 10000 nm and with a primary reflector (2), wherein the cross section of the primary reflector or reflectors (2) is configured in the form of a polyline or a curve and wherein one or more screens (3) and/or secondary reflectors (9) are provided in the following area between the emitter (1) and the substrate (5) to be irradiated or on one or both sides of said area or totally or partly surrounding said area, the cross section of said screens and reflectors being configured in the form of a polyline or curve, wherein energy distribution of the radiation (6, 7) striking the substrate (5) is, to a very large extent, homogeneous.
Abstract:
Verfahren zur Verhinderung der Inaktivierung von Koordinationskatalysatoren und/oder zur Reaktivierung von inaktivierten Koordinationskatalysatoren durch Bestrahlen mit elektromagnetischer Strahlung.
Abstract:
A method of real time process control in a reaction system for the procuction of acetic acid from the carbonylation of methanol. Raction system samples are collected from columns (30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80) and/or transfer lines (120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 184, 186, 188, 190, 192, 194, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 210, 220) downstream of a reactor vessel (10), and the concentration of one or more components in the sample is measured by an infrared analyzer (90). The concentration measurements are then used to make adjustments in the concentration of components in the reaction system, directly or indirectly, such as by adjusting the temperature profile in a particular column (30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80), the flow rate of solution in to or out of a column (30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80), the vent gas rate out of the reactor (10) or a column (30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80), or the addition or extraction of a component to or from the solution. For optimum process control, the measurements are transmitted to a control unit for real time analysis, and the adjustements are made substantially instantly after the infrared analysis.
Abstract:
A reactor including a rotatable disc (3) having a trough (13) in an upper surface (5) thereof. Reactant (15) is supplied to the trough (13) by way of a feed (4), the disc (3) is rotated at high speed, and the reactant (15) spills out of the trough (13) so as to form a film (17) on the surface (5). As the reactant (15) traverses the surface (5) of the disc (3), it undergoes chemical or physical processes before being thrown from the periphery of the disc (3) into collector means (7).