Abstract:
The invention relates to a packed heat exchanger bed made of thermomagnetic material particles, comprising an average diameter in the range of 50 μm to 1 mm and resulting in a porosity in the range of 30 to 45% in the packed bed, and a heat exchanger bed made of a thermomagnetic material monolith comprising through channels having a cross-sectional area of the individual channels in the range of 0.001 to 0.2 mm 2 and a wall thickness of 50 to 300 μm, having a porosity in the range of 10 to 60%, and having a ratio of surface area to volume in the range of 3000 to 50000 m 2 /m 3 , or comprising a plurality of parallel plates having a plate thickness from 0.1 to 2 mm and a plate spacing distance of 0.05 to 1 mm.
Abstract:
The invention relates to a method for producing alcohols (I), selected from isopropanol and 2-butanol, from the corresponding alkanes (II), selected from propane and n-butane, comprising the steps: A) a feed stream a, comprising the alkane (II) is prepared, B) the feed stream a, comprising the alkane (II) is introduced into a dehydrogenation zone and the alkane (II) subjected to a dehydrogenation to give the alkene (III), wherein a product gas stream b containing the alkene (III), unreacted alkane (II), optional high-boilers, steam, hydrogen and low-boilers is obtained, C) the product gas stream b is at least compressed, the product gas stream b is optionally separated into an aqueous phase c1, a phase c2, comprising the alkene (III), the alkane (II) and optionally high-boilers and a gas phase c3, comprising hydrogen and low-boilers, D) the product gas stream b and/or the phase c2, comprising the alkene (III) and alkane (II) is reacted in an esterification zone with an alkanoic acid (IV) having 3 or more carbon atoms, wherein a product mixture d, comprising the corresponding alkyl ester (V) of the alkanoic acid and the unreacted alkane (II) is obtained, E) a gas stream e1 comprising an alkane (II) is separated off from the product mixture d, optionally recycled back to the dehydrogenation zone and a product mixture e2, comprising the alkyl ester (V) is obtained; F) the product mixture e2, comprising the alkyl ester (V) is reacted with water in an ester cleavage zone to give a product mixture f containing the alcohol (I) and the alkanoic acid (IV), G) the alcohol (I) and the alkanoic acid (IV) are separated off from the product mixture f and the alkanoic acid optionally recycled to the esterification zone.
Abstract:
The invention relates to the use of 1, 3 substituted imidazolium salts of the formula (I), R1 and R3 independently representing an organic group having 1 to 20 C atoms, R2, R4, and R5 independently representing a H atom or an organic group having 1 to 20 C atoms, R4 and R5 also together being able to form an aliphatic or aromatic ring, and X representing a thiocyanate anion as a latent catalyst for curing compositions comprising epoxy compounds.
Abstract:
Disclosed is a method for producing 1,3-disubstituted imidazolium salts of formula I, wherein R1 and R3 independently represent an organic radical comprising 1 to 20 C atoms, R2, R4, and R5 independently represent an H atom or an organic radical comprising 1 to 20 C atoms, X represents the anion of a hydrogen acid having a minimum pK s value of 2 (measured at 25°C and at 1 bar in water or dimethyl sulfoxide), and n represents 1, 2, or 3. Said method is characterized in that a) an α-dicarbonyl compound, an aldehyde, an amine, and the hydrogen acid of the anion X - are reacted with each other, and b) the reaction is carried out in water along with a solvent that can be mixed with water or the mixtures thereof.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method for improving the hydrolysis stability of ionic liquids (IL), wherein at least one tertiary amine or a quaternary ammonia compound, which is different from the ionic liquid (IL), is added to an ionic liquid (IL).
Abstract:
A process for preparing alkanols (I) selected from the group consisting of isopropanol and 2-butanol from the corresponding alkanes (II) selected from the group consisting of propane and n-butane, comprising the steps of: A) a use gas stream a comprising the alkane (II) is provided; B) use gas stream a comprising the alkane (II) is fed into a dehydrogenation zone and the alkane (II) is subjected to a dehydrogenation to the alkene (III), to obtain a product gas stream b comprising the alkene (III), unconverted alkane (II), with or without high boilers, steam, hydrogen and low boilers; C) product gas stream b is at least compressed, and product gas stream b is optionally separated into an aqueous phase c1, a phase c2 which comprises the alkene (III) and the alkane (II), with or without high boilers, and a gas phase c3 comprising hydrogen and low boilers; D) product gas stream b or the phase c2 comprising alkene (III) and alkane (II) is reacted in an esterification zone with an organic acid (IV) to obtain a product mixture d comprising the corresponding alkyl ester (V) of the organic acid and the unconverted alkane (II); E) a gas stream e1 comprising alkane (II) is removed from the product mixture d and is optionally recycled into the dehydrogenation zone, and a product mixture e2 comprising the alkyl ester is obtained; F) product mixture e2 comprising the alkyl ester is reacted in a deesterification zone with water to give a product mixture f comprising the alkanol (I) and the organic acid (IV); G) the alkanol (I) and the organic acid (IV) are removed from the product mixture f, and the organic acid is optionally recycled into the esterification zone.
Abstract:
In an exhaust train for an internal combustion engine having an integrated thermoelectric generator, the exhaust train has at least one duct, through which exhaust gas flows and in which at least one thermoelectric module is arranged in such a way that the hot side of the thermoelectric module is in direct contact with the exhaust gas, while the cold side of the thermoelectric module is cooled by means of a heat transfer medium.