摘要:
A method for increasing ozone concentration in a liquid can include: providing a gas having ozone; introducing the ozone-containing gas into a liquid, wherein the liquid and ozone combination has a temperature between about 0.8 and about 1.5 times the critical temperature of ozone; and increasing isothermally, the pressure of the ozone-containing gas above the liquid to about 0.3 to about 5 times the critical pressure of ozone so as to increase the ozone concentration in the liquid. The temperature is expressed in absolute units (Kelvin or Rankin). The method can be used for removing ozone from a gas or for purifying ozone. The liquid having a high ozone concentration can be used for ozonolysis of a substrate.
摘要:
The present embodiment of the invention is generally directed to compositions comprising suspensions of poorly water-soluble compounds recrystallized in nanoparticulate sizes ranging from 0.1 to 5 μm. In addition, the embodiment of the invention is directed to methods for preparation and administration of these compositions to a patient for prevention and treatment of disease states. In particular, the embodiment of the invention is directed to compositions comprising suspensions of poorly water-soluble compounds, such as antimitotics and antibiotics, in nanoparticulates and methods of prevention and treatment of chronic disease states, such as cancer, by intraperitoneal and intravenous administration of such compositions.
摘要:
A method for increasing ozone concentration in a liquid can include: providing a gas having ozone; introducing the ozone-containing gas into a liquid, wherein the liquid and ozone combination has a temperature between about 0.8 and about 1.5 times the critical temperature of ozone; and increasing isothermally, the pressure of the ozone-containing gas above the liquid to about 0.3 to about 5 times the critical pressure of ozone so as to increase the ozone concentration in the liquid. The temperature is expressed in absolute units (Kelvin or Rankin). The method can be used for removing ozone from a gas or for purifying ozone. The liquid having a high ozone concentration can be used for ozonolysis of a substrate.
摘要:
An improved hydroformylation process is provided, which comprises reacting an olefin with CO and H2 in the presence of a hydroformylation catalyst in a liquid that has been volumetrically expanded with a compressed gas, such as supercritical carbon dioxide.
摘要:
A method and system for acquiring a time division multiplexed synchronization signal in a satellite communication system is provided. The signal is provided as a series of frames with beacon signals time division multiplexed into at least one time slot of each frame. The beacon signal in each frame comprises a unique word sequence, which is the same in each frame, and a portion of a PN sequence. The entire PN sequence is distributed into a plurality of frames forming a superframe. Initially, the power level of the incoming signal is determined by locating the maximum power received in half time slot intervals. Next a series of frames are correlated against the expected unique word, each at one of a plurality of possible frequencies. The frequency generating the maximum correlation with the unique word is selected. The frequency is fine tuned by comparing the actual arrival time of the unique word in each frame with the estimated arrival time based on the current frequency, and adjusting the frequency accordingly. Also, the start of the superframe is located by correlating the PN sequence portion of each beacon signal against a known PN sequence until a match is found. Once the frequency offset is reduced below a threshold value, and the start of the PN sequence of the incoming signal is located, acquisition is completed.
摘要:
A process for forming small micron-sized (1-10 &mgr;m) protein particles is provided wherein a protein, a solvent system for the protein and an antisolvent for the protein solvent system are contacted under conditions to at least partially dissolve the protein solvent system in the antisolvent, thereby causing precipitation of the protein. The solvent system is made up of at least in part of a halogenated organic alcohol, most preferably 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP). Preferably, a solution of the protein in the solvent system is sprayed through a nozzle into a precipitation zone containing the antisolvent (preferably CO2) under near- or supercritical conditions.
摘要:
A method and an apparatus useful for the production of microparticles and nanoparticles are disclosed in which a compressed fluid and a solution including a solvent and a solute are introduced into a nozzle to produce a mixture. The mixture is then passed out of the nozzle to produce a spray of atomized droplets. The atomized droplets are contacted with a supercritical antisolvent to cause depletion of the solvent in the droplets so that particles are produced from the solute. Preferably, these particles have an average diameter of 0.6 .mu.m or less. The invention can be used in the pharmaceutical, food, chemical, electronics, catalyst, polymer, pesticide, explosives, and coating industries, all of which have a need for small-diameter particles.
摘要:
A process for epoxidizing an olefin comprising contacting an olefin with an oxidant in the presence of an insoluble oxidation catalyst in a solvent system comprising an organic water-miscible solvent to form an alkylene oxide. The insoluble oxidation catalyst comprises a metal, preferably selected from the group consisting of tungsten, cerium, and niobium. The metal is directly incorporated within a solid mesoporous silicate support, such as one selected from the group consisting of KIT-5, KIT-6, and TUD-1.
摘要:
A process for the complete deoxygenation of an oxygenate, especially those from bio-oils comprises forming a reaction mixture comprising the oxygenate, molecular hydrogen, and a hydrodeoxygenation catalyst in a solvent. The reaction mixture is maintained at a temperature that is 0.7 to 1.3 times the solvent critical temperature in absolute temperature units (K). Complete deoxygenation occurs via a hydrodeoxygenation pathway and a decarbonylation pathway.
摘要:
An alkylation catalyst can include: a Brønsted acid ionic liquid; and a strong Brønsted acid that is not considered an ionic liquid. The Brønsted acid ionic liquid can be selected from the group consisting of [BMIm]HSO4, [MBSIm]HSO4, [MBSIm]OTf, [MPSIm]OTf, and [OMIm]HSO4 or the like. In one aspect, the strong Brønsted acid is selected from the group consisting of sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), HF, hydrogen iodide (HI), phosphoric acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic (triflic) acid. In one aspect, the strong Brønsted acid is present at more than about 50 wt % of the composition; however, the Brønsted acid can vary from about 10 wt % to about 99 wt %, more preferably about 20 wt % to about 90 wt %, and most preferably about 40 wt % to about 80 wt %.