摘要:
A procedure is introduced to operate a diesel engine (10), which has a catalytic converter (24; 26) with three-way conversion characteristics. The procedure is characterized thereby, in that if the engine rotational speed (n) increases without in the process exceeding an engine rotational speed threshold value (n_S) and the engine's load (mk) is greater than a load threshold value (mk_S), the diesel engine (10) is operated in such a manner that the diesel engine (10) alternately generates an oxidizing and a reductive exhaust gas atmosphere before the catalytic converter (24; 26). Additionally a control unit (14) is introduced, which controls the sequence of the procedure.
摘要:
A process for preparing anilineboronic acid derivative of the formula I, by converting an aniline to a diprotected aniline by introducing two protecting groups, metalating the diprotected aniline with a metalating agent and simultaneously or subsequently reacting with a boronic ester B(OR1,2,3)3 to form a protected anilineboronic ester, which is converted, by detaching the protecting groups, to the anilineboronic esters of the formula (I).
摘要:
Compounds of the formula (I) in which Q1 and Q2 are each OH or form a trimeric boric anhydride, Z is CHO, CH2Y, X or a protected aldehyde group, and X is CN, COOH, COCl, CONH2 or C(OR)3, and Y is OH or NH2, and Z is in the o-, m- or p-position to the boronic acid radical, are prepared by a) reacting a compound of the formula (II) with Mg in the presence of an anthracene compound and, if desired, a transition-metal halide and, if desired, an Mg halide or in the presence of a transition-metal halide and, if desired, an Mg halide, to give the corresponding arylmagnesium chloride, b) reacting the latter with a borate of the formula B(OR′)3 and hydrolyzing the product, with removal of the aldehyde protecting group, c) and, if desired, oxidizing or reducing the free aldehyde group.
摘要:
A digital rights management system includes an authentication module and a decryption module. If desired, the modules can be implemented in separate integrated circuits. The authentication module retrieves authentication information for protected content and powers down after the authentication information is retrieved. The decryption module decrypts the protected content based on the authentication information while the authentication module is powered down.
摘要:
A method is presented for controlling an internal combustion engine (10), which includes an exhaust gas system (12) having an exhaust gas aftertreatment component (22) that temporarily stores exhaust gas constituents and can be regenerated, wherein an expected value for a temperature of the exhaust gas aftertreatment component (22) is formed as a function of an increase in temperature, which arises as a result of exothermal reactions during the duration of an operating mode (BA2) of the internal combustion engine (10) which is set for the regeneration of said exhaust gas aftertreatment component (22), wherein the expected value is compared with an upper threshold value (T_max) and the control of said internal combustion engine (10) is changed when the threshold value (T_max) is exceeded, such that an expected value formed while taking the changed control into account does not exceed said threshold value (T_max). The method is thereby characterized in that a direction of change of a current temperature of said exhaust gas aftertreatment component (22) is taken into account when forming the expected value.
摘要:
The invention relates to a method for producing alkyl-substituted aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds by cross-coupling alkyl boronic acids with aryl- or heteroaryl-halogenides or with aryl- or heteroaryl-sulfonates in the presence of a catalyst and of a Brönsted base in a solvent or solvent mixture.
摘要:
A method is described for operating an internal combustion engine, in particular of a motor vehicle. In the method, a lean air/fuel mixture is burned in a combustion chamber; nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas are stored in an accumulator-type catalytic converter; a storage efficiency, with which the accumulator-type catalytic converter stores the nitrogen oxides contained in the exhaust gas, is ascertained; and the storage efficiency is ascertained as a function of an instantaneous space velocity of the exhaust gases in the accumulator-type catalytic converter. Two efficiencies are ascertained at least as a function of the temperature of the accumulator-type catalytic converter and a space velocity. One of the two efficiencies is ascertained for a great space velocity, and the other efficiency is ascertained for a small space velocity. The storage efficiency is ascertained as a function of the instantaneous space velocity from the two efficiencies.
摘要:
The invention relates to a method for producing the nitrites of formula: R1—CN by reacting aldehyde oximes (R1CN═N—OH) with cyclic alkylphosphonic anhydrides at a temperature ranging from −100 to +120° C., wherein R1 represents H, a linear or branched C1-C12 alkyl group, a C3-C10 cycloalkyl, alkenyl or an aryl or heteroaryl group. The cyclic phosphonic anhydride preferably used is a 2,4,6-substituted 1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphinane-2,4,6-trioxide of formula (I), wherein R′ independently represents allyl, aryl or open-chain or branched C1 to C12 alkyl groups. Optionally, the reaction can be carried out in the presence of a tertiary amine base NR23
摘要:
The invention relates to a method for producing alkenes of formula R1R2C═CR3R4 by the reaction of a) primary alcolhols (R1R2CHCH2—OH) or b) secondary alcohols (R1R2CHCHR3—OH) or c) tertiary alcohols (R1R2CH—CR3R4OH) with cyclic alkylphosphonic acid anhydrides at a temperature ranging between −100 and +120° C., whereby R and/or R1 and/or R2 and/or R3 and/or R4 represent H, a linear or branched C1-C12 alkyl group, or a C3-C10 cycloalkyl group, alkenyl group or an aryl group or heteroaryl group. Preferably, a 2,4,6-substituted 1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphinane-2,4,6-trioxide of formula (I) is used as the cyclic phosphonic acid anhydride, where R′ represents, (independently of one another), allyl, aryl or open-chained or branched C1-C12 alkyl groups. Optionally the reaction can be carried out in the presence of a tertiary amine base NR53.