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    Method and apparatus for liquid-phase reforming of hydrocarbon or oxygen-containing compound
    23.
    发明申请
    Method and apparatus for liquid-phase reforming of hydrocarbon or oxygen-containing compound 审中-公开

    公开(公告)号：US20040120887A1

    公开(公告)日：2004-06-24

    申请号：US10477643

    申请日：2003-11-14

    Inventor： Yasushi Sekine ,  Masato Watanabe

    IPC: C01B003/24 ,  B01J019/08

    CPC classification number: C01B3/32 ,  B01J14/00 ,  B01J19/088 ,  B01J2219/0809 ,  B01J2219/082 ,  B01J2219/0828 ,  B01J2219/0835 ,  B01J2219/0839 ,  B01J2219/0841 ,  B01J2219/0849 ,  B01J2219/0888 ,  B01J2219/0892 ,  C01B3/342 ,  C01B2203/0216 ,  C01B2203/0861

    Abstract: There has been conventionally known a method for producing hydrogen and oxygen through reactions of hydrocarbon and vapor (steam reforming method). This steam reforming method has been so far practiced at a high temperature of 600null C. to 850null C. and high pressure of 5 to 100 atmospheres by using nickel catalyst including alumina as a carrier. However, it is disadvantageously necessary for the aforenoted prior art method for carrying out the reaction at the high temperature and high pressure to use a sturdy reaction apparatus which can endure the high temperature and high pressure. Furthermore, implementation of the high temperature and high pressure required for the prior art method inevitably turns out to be expensive. Besides, the prior art method is relatively low in the rate of selecting carbon monoxide (e.g. percentage of components, which turns to carbon atom in carbon monoxide, in the carbon atom forming the carbon monoxide as raw materials), and causes various sorts of secondary reactions, consequently to possibly block a reaction tube due to by-product materials resultantly produced or deteriorate the catalyst. In the light of the foregoing, the present invention has an object to provide a novel liquid-phase reforming method and apparatus for hydrocarbon and oxygen-containing compound, which can be practiced at a temperature lower than that at which the conventional method is practiced and at normal pressures without using catalyst in high rate of selecting carbon monoxide, has no need of separating products from the unreacted substances, and does not give rise to any by-product. To attain the object described above according to the present invention, there is provided a reforming method characterized by reacting hydrocarbon or oxygen-containing compound and water by pulse discharge in the liquid including the hydrocarbon or oxygen-containing compound, thus to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide. According to this method of the invention, the objective hydrogen and carbon monoxide can be obtained by pulse discharge in the liquid. Besides, the intended reaction can be carried out at normal temperatures and pressures. Since the product can be obtained in the form of gas, there is no necessity for separating the product resultantly obtained from the unreacted substances. Furthermore, the by-product such as acetylene is dissolved and absorbed in the liquid and reacted over again, consequently to be converted into synthesis gas.

    Methods and apparatus for materials processing
    24.
    发明授权
    Methods and apparatus for materials processing 失效
    材料加工方法与装置

    公开(公告)号：US06752529B2

    公开(公告)日：2004-06-22

    申请号：US10264217

    申请日：2002-10-03

    Applicant: Richard A. Holl

    Inventor： Richard A. Holl

    IPC: B01F712

    CPC classification number: F28F13/02 ,  B01F7/12 ,  B01F15/00714 ,  B01F15/00844 ,  B01F15/00909 ,  B01F15/06 ,  B01F2013/1091 ,  B01J19/10 ,  B01J19/122 ,  B01J19/125 ,  B01J19/126 ,  B01J19/127 ,  B01J19/1887 ,  B01J2219/00094 ,  B01J2219/0888 ,  B01J2219/182 ,  B01J2219/1943 ,  F28D7/0066 ,  F28D11/02

    Abstract: Methods and apparatus for processing materials employ two cylindrical members, one mounted within the other, defining an annular processing chamber. Preferably, the outer member is stationery (stator), while the inner rotates (rotor). The radial spacing between the stator inner surface and the rotor outer surface is equal to or less than the back-to-back radial thicknesses of the two laminar boundary layers formed on the two surfaces by the material being processed. The surfaces are made smooth, as by buffing to a finish of not more than 10 microinches. This structure inhibits formation of Taylor vortices in the processing passage, which cause unstable flow and consequent incomplete mixing. Preferably, the relative velocity between rotor and stator surfaces is at least 1.2 meters per second. The surfaces may be coated with catalysts. Transducers may be provided to apply processing energy, such as microwave, light or ultrasonic waves, through the stator wall.

    Abstract translation: 用于加工材料的方法和设备采用两个圆柱形构件，一个安装在另一个中，限定环形处理室。 优选地，外部构件是文具（定子），而内部旋转（转子）。 定子内表面和转子外表面之间的径向间距等于或小于被处理材料在两个表面上形成的两个层状边界层的背对背径向厚度。 表面光滑，通过抛光至不超过10微英寸的光洁度。 该结构抑制了处理通道中泰勒涡流的形成，这导致不稳定的流动并导致不完全的混合。 优选地，转子和定子表面之间的相对速度为至少1.2米/秒。 表面可以涂覆有催化剂。 可以提供传感器以通过定子壁施加诸如微波，光或超声波的处理能量。

    Apparatus and method for the desulfurization of petroleum by bacteria
    26.
    发明授权
    Apparatus and method for the desulfurization of petroleum by bacteria 失效
    细菌对石油脱硫的装置和方法

    公开(公告)号：US5458752A

    公开(公告)日：1995-10-17

    申请号：US327265

    申请日：1994-10-21

    Applicant: Hector M. Lizama ,  Timothy C. Scott ,  Charles D. Scott

    Inventor： Hector M. Lizama ,  Timothy C. Scott ,  Charles D. Scott

    IPC: B01J14/00 ,  B01J19/08 ,  B03C5/00 ,  B03C5/02 ,  C10G32/00

    CPC classification number: B01J14/00 ,  B01J19/087 ,  B03C5/00 ,  B03C5/02 ,  C10G32/00 ,  B01J2219/0809 ,  B01J2219/0813 ,  B01J2219/0835 ,  B01J2219/0888

    Abstract: A method for treating petroleum with anaerobic microorganisms acting as biocatalysts that can remove sulfur atoms from hydrocarbon molecules, under anaerobic conditions, and then convert the sulfur atoms to hydrogen sulfide. The microorganisms utilized are from the family known as the "Sulfate Reducing Bacteria." These bacteria generate metabolic energy from the oxidation of organic compounds, but use oxidized forms of sulfur as an electron acceptor. Because the biocatalyst is present in the form of bacteria in an aqueous suspension, whereas the reacting substrate consists of hydrocarbon molecules in an organic phase, the actual desulfurization reaction takes place at the aqueous-organic interphase. To ensure adequate interfacial contacting and mass transfer, a biphasic electrostatic bioreactor system is utilized. The bioreactor is utilized to disperse and recoalesce a biocatalyst contained in the aqueous liquid phase into the organic liquid phase containing the sulfur. High-intensity electrical fields rupture the aqueous drops into a plurality of microdroplets and induce continuous coalescence and redispersion as the microdroplets travel through the organic phase, thus increasing surface area. As the aqueous microdroplets progress through the organic phase, the biocatalyst then reacts with the sulfur to produce hydrogen sulfide which is then removed from the bioreactor. The organic liquid, now free of the sulfur, is ready for immediate use or further processing.

    Abstract translation: 一种用厌氧微生物作为生物催化剂处理石油的方法，其可在厌氧条件下从烃分子中除去硫原子，然后将硫原子转化成硫化氢。 所用的微生物来自被称为“硫酸盐还原细菌”的家族。 这些细菌从有机化合物的氧化产生代谢能，但使用氧化形式的硫作为电子受体。 因为生物催化剂以水性悬浮液的形式存在，而反应底物由有机相中的烃分子组成，实际的脱硫反应发生在水 - 有机相界面。 为了确保足够的界面接触和传质，使用了双相静电生物反应器系统。 生物反应器用于将包含在水性液相中的生物催化剂分散并还原到含有硫的有机液相中。 高强度电场将水滴破碎成多个微滴，并随着微滴流过有机相而引起连续聚结和再分散，从而增加表面积。 随着含水微滴进入有机相，生物催化剂随后与硫反应产生硫化氢，然后从生物反应器中除去硫化氢。 现在没有硫的有机液体可以立即使用或进一步加工。

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