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公开(公告)号：US4372155A
公开(公告)日：1983-02-08
申请号：US265316
申请日：1981-05-20
CPC分类号： F02B77/086 , G01N31/12 , G01N33/0013
摘要： This specification teaches a basic method of obtaining on a continuous basis an instantaneous indication of the air to fuel ratio of an air/fuel mixture being fed to a combustion process. The process may take place in an internal combustion engine or, for example, in a power plant. Modifications of the method are taught to obtain such information as the hydrogen to carbon ratio of the fuel being burned in the combustion process, the oxygen equivalence of the air/fuel mixture being burned, the air mass flow through the combustion process, the fuel mass flow through the combustion process, instantaneous fuel economy of a vehicle in which a combustion process is being carried out to propel the vehicle, and the oxygen concentration in the exhaust gases from the combustion process.
摘要翻译： 本说明书教导了连续获得供给到燃烧过程的空气/燃料混合物的空燃比的瞬时指示的基本方法。 该过程可以在内燃机中或例如在发电厂中进行。 教导了该方法的修改以获得诸如在燃烧过程中被燃烧的燃料的氢碳比，燃烧的空气/燃料混合物的氧等价物，通过燃烧过程的空气质量流量，燃料质量 流过燃烧过程，其中进行燃烧过程以推动车辆的车辆的瞬时燃料经济性和来自燃烧过程的废气中的氧浓度。
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公开(公告)号：US4801805A
公开(公告)日：1989-01-31
申请号：US87171
申请日：1987-08-19
CPC分类号： G01N33/0016 , G01J3/453 , G01N21/3504 , G01J2003/2866 , G01N1/38 , G01N2001/383 , G01N2001/388 , G01N2021/3595 , G01N2201/1215
摘要： A method is disclosed of making an on-line gas analysis of a multicomponent gas emission flow by (a) continuously sequestering a sample flow from the gas emission flow, which sample flow has been filtered to substantially eliminate solid or liquid particles, diluted to lower its dew point to below room temperature, and changed in either temperature and/or pressure to be substantially the same in temperature and pressure as that of gases used to create reference transmission frequency spectral data deployed in step (d); (b) continuously irradiating the sample flow with an electromagnetic radiation beam while modulating the amplitude of infrared frequencies in the audio frequency range of the beam, either prior to or immediately subsequent to irradiation of the sample flow, to produce electromagnetic signals having discernible amplitude variations resulting from spectral interference patterns; (c) detecting and collecting the signals at a sufficiently high rate to substantially completely distinguish between adjacent spectral pattern amplitude peaks without mutual spectral interference and to permit analysis of the signals in real time; and (d) analyzing the signals in real time by (i) mathematically manipulating the signals in accordance with Beer's Law to create reformed background-corrected data, and (ii) applying reference transmission frequency spectral data to the reformed data for each suspected gaseous component to give a linear quantitative measure of the presence of each and every suspected gas component in the gas emission flow.
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公开(公告)号：US4389881A
公开(公告)日：1983-06-28
申请号：US288874
申请日：1981-07-31
申请人： James W. Butler , Alex D. Colvin
发明人： James W. Butler , Alex D. Colvin
IPC分类号： G01N27/12 , G01M15/00 , G01N27/407 , G01N27/409 , G01N33/00
CPC分类号： G01N27/407 , G01N33/0013
摘要： A method is disclosed for measuring the air to fuel ratio of an air/fuel mixture being supplied to a combustion process. This method has the following steps. An oxygen sensor station is established at which the sensor senses the difference in oxygen partial pressure from a first reference side thereof to a second oxygen measurement side thereof. The oxygen sensor is maintained at a predetermined temperature and at a pressure below atmospheric pressure. The oxygen sensor is calibrated so that the measurement thereby of an EMF between the first reference side thereof and the second oxygen measurement side thereof is indicative of the oxygen partial pressure in a gas stream passing by the oxygen measurement side thereof. A sample gas stream is drawn into the pressure across the second oxygen measurement side of the oxygen sensor. This pressure is one which allows samples to be drawn at a constant flow rate independent of that pressure. A fixed amount of oxygen is added to the sample gas stream. The oxygen in the sample gas stream is reacted with oxidizable species contained in the sample gas stream prior to passing the sample gas stream across the second oxygen measurement side of the oxygen sensor. The pressure of the gas sample is measured. The air to fuel ratio of the air/fuel mixture is determined from the measured EMF of the oxygen sensor, the total pressure of the sample gas stream and the known oxygen addition rate. Suitable oxygen sensors may be formed zirconia or titania.
摘要翻译： 公开了一种用于测量供应到燃烧过程的空气/燃料混合物的空燃比的方法。 该方法具有以下步骤。 建立氧传感器站，传感器感测氧分压从其第一参考侧到第二氧测量侧的差异。 氧传感器保持在预定温度和低于大气压的压力。 校准氧传感器，使得其第一参考侧和第二氧测量侧之间的EMF的测量指示通过氧测量侧的气流中的氧分压。 样品气流被吸入穿过氧传感器的第二氧测量侧的压力。 该压力是允许以独立于该压力的恒定流速绘制样品的压力。 将固定量的氧气加入到样品气流中。 在使样品气流通过氧传感器的第二氧测量侧之前，样品气流中的氧与包含在样品气流中的可氧化物质反应。 测量气体样品的压力。 空气/燃料混合物的空气/燃料比由测量的氧传感器的EMF，样品气体流的总压力和已知的氧气添加速率确定。 合适的氧传感器可以形成氧化锆或二氧化钛。
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公开(公告)号：US3960723A
公开(公告)日：1976-06-01
申请号：US317919
申请日：1972-12-26
申请人： James W. Butler
发明人： James W. Butler
CPC分类号： C02F1/705 , C02F1/488 , C02F2101/20 , C02F2101/22 , Y10S210/912
摘要： The present invention relates to a process for treating aqueous waste solutions containing complexing or oxidizing agents and dissolved metallic elements or compounds of copper, chromium, nickel, lead or tin. The waste solution is treated with finely divided magnetized ferrous particles, continuing such treatment to allow for homogeneous stirring promoting substantial ion exchange between the solute and ferrous particles, and providing a post-treatment step using an agent to promote precipitation of metallic hydroxides. The precipitates are separated from the solution by deposition in a settling tank and/or filtration.
摘要翻译： 本发明涉及一种处理含有络合或氧化剂和溶解的铜，铬，镍，铅或锡的金属元素或化合物的废水的处理方法。 用细碎的铁化亚铁颗粒处理废液，继续进行这种处理以允许均匀搅拌促进溶质和亚铁颗粒之间的大量离子交换，并提供使用试剂促进金属氢氧化物析出的后处理步骤。 通过沉积在沉淀池中和/或过滤将沉淀物与溶液分离。
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公开(公告)号：US5621166A
公开(公告)日：1997-04-15
申请号：US417523
申请日：1995-04-06
申请人： James W. Butler
发明人： James W. Butler
CPC分类号： G01M15/108 , G01N21/3504
摘要： Apparatus and method are provided for testing of exhaust gas emissions from an internal combustion engine, and determining the engine's operating condition. An inferred value for the ratio of hydrogen to carbon in the exhaust, based on measured values for the H.sub.2 O, CO.sub.2 and CO components of the exhaust gas, is used to determine whether the engine and associated exhaust componentry have reached normal operating conditions. The emissions testing apparatus and method are suitable for remote testing of exhaust gas emissions from an internal combustion engine of an on-road motor vehicle. A light source emits preferably near to mid-infrared light to impinge upon the exhaust gas emissions. The emitted light includes wavelengths absorbed by exhaust species to be measured, including at least H.sub.2 O, CO.sub.2 and CO. Following impingement on the exhaust gas emissions, the light is received by a sensor which generates an output signal corresponding to the amount of light received at each of such wavelengths. A signal processor determines a value corresponding to the amount or relative amount of each measured specie in the exhaust gas, based at least in part on the corresponding output signals from the sensor. The processor also determines the engine's operating condition based at least in part on the output signals corresponding to H.sub.2 O, CO.sub.2 and CO. In particular, the processor determines whether the engine is in normal operating condition, rather than in cold-start or warm-up condition.
摘要翻译： 提供了用于测试来自内燃机的排气的装置和方法，以及确定发动机的运行状况。 使用排气中的氢气与碳的比值的推定值，根据废气的H 2 O，CO 2和CO组分的测量值来确定发动机和相关联的排气组分是否达到正常运行状态。 排放物检测装置和方法适用于远程测试来自公路内机动车辆的内燃机的废气排放。 光源优选地接近中红外光发射以照射废气排放物。 发射的光包括被测量的排气物质吸收的波长，至少包括H 2 O，CO 2和CO。在撞击废气排放物之后，光被传感器接收，该传感器产生对应于在 每个这样的波长。 信号处理器至少部分地基于来自传感器的相应输出信号来确定对应于排气中每个测量物种的量或相对量的值。 处理器至少部分地基于对应于H 2 O，CO 2和CO的输出信号来确定发动机的运行状况。特别地，处理器确定发动机是否处于正常运行状态，而不是在冷启动或预热 条件。
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公开(公告)号：US3381544A
公开(公告)日：1968-05-07
申请号：US59323066
申请日：1966-09-06
申请人： JAMES W. BUTLER
发明人： BUTLER JAMES W
IPC分类号： F16H3/38
CPC分类号： F16H3/38 , Y10T74/1934 , Y10T74/19967
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公开(公告)号：US5636135A
公开(公告)日：1997-06-03
申请号：US523318
申请日：1995-09-05
申请人： Gerald Jesion , Lee A. Feldkamp , Gintaras V. Puskorius , Christine A. Gierdzak , James W. Butler
发明人： Gerald Jesion , Lee A. Feldkamp , Gintaras V. Puskorius , Christine A. Gierdzak , James W. Butler
CPC分类号： G01N33/0026 , Y10S706/911
摘要： A method of time-aligning sequential gas concentrations, generated by a non-plug flow real time emissions analyzer, with corresponding plug flow inputs from an emissions source includes selecting a sequence of known plug flow test gas pulses representative of the emissions source, feeding the known plug flow test gas pulses into the analyzer, saving a sequence of blurred test pulses generated by the analyzer, determining a mathematical relationship between the known plug flow test gas pulses and the blurred test pulses, configuring a filter such that the filter corresponds to the mathematical relationship, inputting a subset of the blurred test pulses into the filter, recording a sequence of deconvoluted test pulses generated by the filter, comparing the deconvoluted test pulses with a subset of the known plug flow test gas pulses to generate difference errors, adjusting the filter to minimize the plurality of difference errors, repeating the first inputting step, the first recording step, the comparing step, and the adjusting step to reduce the difference errors, feeding the plug flow inputs into the analyzer, recording the sequential gas concentrations generated by the analyzer, and deconvoluting the sequential gas concentrations.
摘要翻译： 将由非插头流实时排放分析仪产生的顺序气体浓度与来自排放源的相应插塞流输入进行时间对准的方法包括选择一系列已知的插塞流测试气体脉冲，代表排放源， 已知的塞流测试气体脉冲进入分析器，从而节省由分析仪产生的模糊测试脉冲序列，确定已知的塞流测试气体脉冲与模糊测试脉冲之间的数学关系，配置滤波器使得滤波器对应于 数学关系，将模糊测试脉冲的子集输入到滤波器中，记录由滤波器产生的解卷积测试脉冲序列，将去卷积的测试脉冲与已知插塞流测试气体脉冲的子集进行比较以产生差分误差， 过滤器以最小化多个差异误差，重复第一输入步骤，第一记录 步骤，比较步骤和调整步骤以减少差异误差，将插塞流量输入馈送到分析器中，记录分析仪产生的顺序气体浓度，并对顺序气体浓度进行解卷积。
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公开(公告)号：US5138163A
公开(公告)日：1992-08-11
申请号：US756701
申请日：1991-09-09
CPC分类号： G01N33/0011 , G01N21/3504 , G01N33/0016 , G01N1/2252 , G01N1/24 , G01N1/38 , G01N2001/2264 , G01N2021/3595
摘要： A method and associated apparatus for on-line gas analysis of a multicomponent gas emission flow, comprising: continuously withdrawing and regulating the pressure of a first sample flow from the emission flow, continuously withdrawing a second sample flow from the first sample flow, the second flow sample being diluted with mass controlled amounts of diluent (N.sub.2 or air) to lower the dew point of the gas sample to below room temperature; controlling the absolute pressure of the diluted sample to the range of 920-950 mbar; frequently periodically analyzing the diluted sample flow, controlled as to pressure, by fourier-transform infrared spectrometric techniques to render a concentration measurement for each desired gas species; and correcting each concentration measurement for dilution to derive an undiluted concentration measurement representative of the actual exhaust gas, said correction being accomplished by measuring the actual air/fuel ratio of the gas emission flow to provide a theoretical carbon concentration in the undiluted exhaust gas and thereafter ratioing the theoretical total carbon concentration to the measured carbon concentration in the sample to provide the needed correction factor.
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公开(公告)号：US4928015A
公开(公告)日：1990-05-22
申请号：US252960
申请日：1988-10-03
CPC分类号： G01N33/0016 , G01J3/453 , G01N21/3504 , G01J2003/2866 , G01N1/38 , G01N2001/383 , G01N2001/388 , G01N2021/3595 , G01N2201/1215
摘要： A method is disclosed of making an on-line gas analysis of a multicomponent gas emission flow by (a) continuously sequestering a sample flow from the gas emission flow, which sample flow may be filtered to substantially eliminate solid or liquid particles, diluted to lower its dew point to below room temperature, and changed in either temperature and/or pressure to be substantially the same in temperature and pressure as that of gases used to create reference transmission frequency spectral data employed in step (d); (b) continuously irradiating the sample flow with an electromagnetic radiation beam while modulating the amplitude of infrared frequencies in the audio frequency range of the beam, either prior to or immediately subsequent to irradiation of the sample flow, to produce electromagnetic signals having discernible amplitude variations resulting from spectral interference patterns; (c) detecting and collecting the signals at a sufficiently high rate to substantially completely distinguish between adjacent spectral pattern amplitude peaks without mutual spectral interference and to permit analysis of the signals in real time; and (d) analyzing the signals in real time by (i) mathematically manipulating the signals in accordance with Beer's Law to create reformed background-corrected data, and (ii) applying reference transmission frequency spectral data to the reformed data for each suspected gaseous component to give a linear quantitative measure of the presence of each and every suspected gas component in the gas emission flow.
摘要翻译： 公开了一种通过以下方法来进行多组分气体排放流的在线气体分析：（a）从气体排放流中连续隔离样品流，该样品流可被过滤以基本上消除固体或液体颗粒，稀释至较低 其露点低于室温，并且在温度和/或压力下变化为与用于产生步骤（d）中使用的参考透射频谱数据的气体的温度和压力基本相同; （b）在对样品流的照射之前或紧随其后的同时调制光束的音频范围内的红外频率的幅度，同时用电磁辐射束连续照射样品流，以产生具有可辨别的幅度变化的电磁信号 由光谱干涉图形引起; （c）以足够高的速率检测和收集信号，以基本上完全区分没有相互频谱干扰的相邻频谱图幅度峰值，并允许实时分析信号; 和（d）通过（i）根据“啤酒定律”数学地操纵信号以实时地分析信号，以产生经改良的背景校正数据，以及（ii）将参考传输频谱数据应用于每个可疑气体组分的重整数据 对气体排放流中每个可疑气体成分的存在进行线性定量测量。
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10.发明授权
公开(公告)号：US4751466A
公开(公告)日：1988-06-14
申请号：US5184
申请日：1987-01-20
申请人： Alex D. Colvin , James W. Butler
发明人： Alex D. Colvin , James W. Butler
摘要： The invention is directed to an instrument for measuring the absolute electrical conductivity of liquids, which instrument may be employed on-line in a recirculating paint bath to measure the conductivity of the paint. The instrument comprises a four electrode probe and a meter which comprises a device for generating and controlling an AC current connected to the first electrode such that a constant AC voltage is maintained across the second and fourth electrodes and a device for measuring and detecting an AC current connected to the third electrode, wherein the fourth electrode is maintained at the same potential as a nearby ground.
摘要翻译： 本发明涉及一种用于测量液体的绝对电导率的仪器，该仪器可以在再循环涂漆浴中在线使用以测量涂料的导电性。 该仪器包括四个电极探针和一个仪表，其包括用于产生和控制连接到第一电极的AC电流的装置，使得跨越第二和第四电极保持恒定的AC电压，以及用于测量和检测AC电流的装置 连接到第三电极，其中第四电极被保持在与附近地面相同的电位。
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