公开(公告)号：US4713234A

公开(公告)日：1987-12-15

申请号：US750909

申请日：1985-07-01

申请人： Walter Weirich ,  Heiko Barnert ,  Michael Oertel ,  Rudolf Schulten

发明人： Walter Weirich ,  Heiko Barnert ,  Michael Oertel ,  Rudolf Schulten

IPC分类号： C01B3/38 ,  C01B3/50 ,  C10J3/46 ,  H01M8/06 ,  C01B1/02

CPC分类号： H01M8/0643 ,  C01B3/38 ,  C01B3/501 ,  C10J3/46 ,  C10K1/32 ,  C10K3/00 ,  C01B2203/041 ,  C01B2203/048 ,  C01B2203/0495 ,  C10J2300/0973 ,  Y10S48/05

摘要： A process and apparatus for convertion of steam and hydrocarbon, or steam and coal, into a product gas which contains hydrogen. The conversion rate is augmented by effective extraction and removal of hydrogen as and when hydrogen is generated. Within a reaction vessel wherein the conversion takes place, a chamber for collection of hydrogen is formed by the provision of a hydrogen-permeable membrane. The chamber is provided with a hydrogen extraction means and houses a support structure, for example, in the form of a mesh providing structural support to the membrane. The membrane may be of a pleated or corrugated construction, so as to provide an enlarged surface for the membrane to facilitate hydrogen extraction. Also, to further facilitate hydrogen extraction, a hydrogen partial pressure differential is maintained across the membrane, such as, for example, by the counter pressure of an inert gas. A preferred configuration for the apparatus of the invention is a tubular construction which houses generally tubular hydrogen extraction chambers.

摘要翻译： 一种用于将蒸汽和烃或蒸汽和煤转化成含有氢的产物气体的方法和装置。 当产生氢气时，通过有效的萃取和去除氢来增加转化率。 在发生转化的反应容器内，通过提供透氢膜形成用于收集氢的室。 该室设置有氢气提取装置，并且容纳支撑结构，例如以网状形式提供对膜的结构支撑。 膜可以是褶皱或波纹结构，以便为膜提供扩大的表面以促进氢提取。 此外，为了进一步促进氢提取，跨膜的维持氢分压差，例如通过惰性气体的反压。 本发明的装置的优选结构是管状结构，其容纳通常管状的氢气提取室。

公开(公告)号：US3995012A

公开(公告)日：1976-11-30

申请号：US537386

申请日：1974-12-30

申请人： Heiko Barnert ,  Rudolf Schulten

发明人： Heiko Barnert ,  Rudolf Schulten

IPC分类号： C01B3/02 ,  C01B3/06 ,  C01B3/10 ,  C01B13/02 ,  C01B17/50 ,  C01B13/00 ,  C01B1/02 ,  C01B1/05 ,  C01B1/08

CPC分类号： C01B13/0207 ,  C01B3/063 ,  C01B3/105 ,  Y02E60/36

摘要： A method of producing hydrogen and oxygen by splitting water in a thermocical cycle, according to which in a first method stage a gas mixture of from 1 to 50 parts by volume of steam and 2 parts by volume of sulfur dioxide is reacted at a temperature within the temperature range of from 200.degree. to 400.degree. C with an oxide of one of the metals manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc or cadmium for forming a metal sulfate and for freeing hydrogen gas. Thereupon the hydrogen gas is in a manner known per se separated from the residual gas mixture and in a second method stage after conversion of the metal oxide to a metal sulfate, the metal sulfate for purposes of decomposition or disintegration and for forming a metal oxide, sulfur dioxide gas and oxygen gas, is heated to a temperature within the temperature range of from 700.degree. to 1000.degree. C. Thereupon the oxygen gas is separated from the sulfur dioxide gas in a manner known per se.

摘要翻译： 一种通过在热化学循环中分解水来产生氢和氧的方法，根据该方法，在第一方法阶段，将1至50体积份蒸汽和2体积份二氧化硫的气体混合物在 温度范围为200-400℃，与金属锰，铁，钴，镍，锌或镉之一的氧化物形成金属硫酸盐并释放氢气。 因此，氢气以本身已知的方式与残留气体混合物分离，并且在将金属氧化物转化为金属硫酸盐之后的第二方法阶段中，金属硫酸盐用于分解或分解和用于形成金属氧化物， 二氧化硫气体和氧气被加热至700℃至1000℃的温度范围内。然后以本身已知的方式将氧气与二氧化硫气体分离。

公开(公告)号：US4496373A

公开(公告)日：1985-01-29

申请号：US617831

申请日：1984-06-06

申请人： Friedrich Behr ,  Rudolf Schulten ,  Walter Weirich

发明人： Friedrich Behr ,  Rudolf Schulten ,  Walter Weirich

IPC分类号： B01D53/22 ,  B01D59/14 ,  C01B3/50

CPC分类号： B01D59/14 ,  B01D53/22 ,  B01D71/022 ,  C01B3/505

摘要： For separation of hydrogen and its isotopes by diffusion through a membraneirtually impermeable to other gases, a non-porous hydrogen-permeable metallic membrane is provided on the gas access side with a coating of an alloy of palladium with at least 45 atomic % Cu or at least 50 atomic percent Ag or at least 7 atomic % Y, the membrane itself containing Cu, Ag or Y respectively in a concentration at least equilibrated with the coating at operation temperature. Preferably the membrane consists of a metal of niobium and/or tantalum bases especially of an alloy containing from 10 to 30 % Ti, 3 to 10 % V, 0 to 25 % Nb and at least 30 % Ta, all by weight, and preferably it is of a composition of 20 to 25 % Ti, 5 to 7,5 % V, 0 to 25 Nb, and at least 50 % Ta, being saturated with copper and or silver, while a copper and/or silver palladium alloy coating is used. Such inherently oxidation sensitive membranes can be stabilized by provision of an internal intermediate layer in the form of a melt forming or containing an alkaline metal hydride and/or an alkaline earth metal hydride. A melt containing alkaline metal and/or alkaline earth metal which forms a hydride, brought into contact on the secondary side of a membrane in accordance with the invention, provides a hydrogen sink on the secondary side and inhibits internal hydride formation and secondary side oxidation of the membrane.

摘要翻译： 为了通过扩散通过实际上不可渗透到其它气体的膜来分离氢及其同位素，在气体存取侧上提供具有至少45原子％Cu的钯合金涂层的无孔氢可渗透金属膜，或 至少50原子％Ag或至少7原子％Y，膜本身分别含有在操作温度下至少与涂层平衡的浓度的Cu，Ag或Y。 优选地，该膜由铌和/或钽基的金属组成，特别是含有10至30％Ti，3至10％V，0至25％Nb和至少30％Ta的合金，全部重量，优选 其组成为20至25％Ti，5至7.5％V，0至25Nb，以及至少50％的Ta，被铜或银饱和，而铜和/或银钯合金涂层 用来。 这种固有的氧化敏感膜可以通过提供形成熔体或含有碱金属氢化物和/或碱土金属氢化物形式的内部中间层来稳定化。 包含碱金属和/或碱土金属的熔体，其形成根据本发明的膜的次级侧上接触的氢化物，其在次级侧上提供氢吸收剂，并且抑制内部氢化物形成和二次侧氧化 膜。

公开(公告)号：US4544459A

公开(公告)日：1985-10-01

申请号：US629706

申请日：1984-07-11

申请人： Bernd-Dieter Struck ,  Bernd Biallas ,  Rudolf Schulten

发明人： Bernd-Dieter Struck ,  Bernd Biallas ,  Rudolf Schulten

IPC分类号： C25B1/02 ,  C25B1/10 ,  C25B1/22 ,  C25B1/24

CPC分类号： C25B1/10 ,  C25B1/02 ,  C25B1/22 ,  Y02E60/366

摘要： A process for obtaining hydrogen and oxygen from water in a two stage process including a first electrolysis stage performed in a two chamber cell wherein the chambers are separated by a membrane. Iodine is introduced into the cathodic chamber and hydrogen iodide is formed therein. Oxygen is formed in the anodic chamber and is removed as a product. The membrane conducts hydrogen ions and prevents the passage of the products HI and oxygen. In a second phase, hydrogen iodide is separated and removed from the cathodic chamber and is thermally decomposed into hydrogen and iodine. The iodine is recycled to the cathodic chamber and the hydrogen is recovered as a product.

摘要翻译： 一种在两级方法中从水中获得氢和氧的方法，包括在两室单元中执行的第一电解阶段，其中室由膜分离。 将碘引入阴极室，并在其中形成碘化氢。 在阳极室中形成氧并作为产品除去。 膜传导氢离子并防止产物HI和氧的通过。 在第二阶段，将碘化氢从阴极室中分离并除去，并被热分解成氢和碘。 将碘循环到阴极室中，氢气作为产物回收。

公开(公告)号：US4011305A

公开(公告)日：1977-03-08

申请号：US512797

申请日：1974-10-04

申请人： Rudolf Schulten ,  Karl Friedrich Knoche

发明人： Rudolf Schulten ,  Karl Friedrich Knoche

IPC分类号： C01B3/06 ,  C01B3/10 ,  C01B13/02 ,  C01G49/08

CPC分类号： C01B3/105 ,  C01B13/0207 ,  C01B3/063 ,  C01G49/08 ,  Y02E60/36

摘要： A process for the dissociation of water into hydrogen and oxygen in a multi-stage closed cycle process using a system involving at least one metallic element having multiple valency and at least one halogen, characterized in that a halide of the multiple valency metallic element is subjected to a mixture of steam and hydrogen converting the halide to a mixture of the metallic element and at least one oxide thereof, said latter mixture is subjected to steam to produce a mixed valency oxide of the metallic element accompanied by the liberation of hydrogen, and said mixed valency oxide is then subjected to a hydrogen halide to convert it back to the said metallic halide with the liberation of oxygen.

公开(公告)号：US5318799A

公开(公告)日：1994-06-07

申请号：US12596

申请日：1993-02-03

申请人： Rudolf Schulten ,  Behzad Sahabi ,  Harald Lorson ,  Kusnanto ,  Antonio M. Hurtado

发明人： Rudolf Schulten ,  Behzad Sahabi ,  Harald Lorson ,  Kusnanto ,  Antonio M. Hurtado

IPC分类号： C04B41/89 ,  C04B41/45 ,  C04B41/91 ,  C23C10/28 ,  C23C10/44 ,  C23C10/48 ,  C23C10/50 ,  C23C10/52 ,  C23C10/60 ,  B05D3/02

CPC分类号： C23C10/50 ,  C04B41/4523 ,  C23C10/52 ,  C23C10/60

摘要： For tempering the surface of a body, the body is covered with a sheath of at least one meltable active substance and binder material and heated under vacuum or in an inert atmosphere first to a temperature whereby the sheath is transformed into a porous cover layer with outer crust. Then the temperature is raised until the meltable active substance contained in the cover layer is evaporated. On the one hand, the meltable active substance seals the outer side of the cover layer, and on the other hand, the meltable active substance produces the tempered surface of the body. After the body has cooled, the residues of the cover layer are removed. The body is provided with a pore-free resistant surface.

摘要翻译： 为了回火身体的表面，身体被至少一种可熔化活性物质和粘合剂材料的护套覆盖，并且在真空下或在惰性气氛中首先被加热到一个温度，由此护套被转变成具有外部的多孔覆盖层 脆皮。 然后升高温度直到包含在覆盖层中的可熔融活性物质蒸发。 一方面，可熔融活性物质密封着覆盖层的外侧，另一方面，可熔融活性物质产生了本体的回火表面。 身体冷却后，覆盖层的残留物被去除。 身体设有无孔的抗磨面。

公开(公告)号：US5236638A

公开(公告)日：1993-08-17

申请号：US931699

申请日：1992-08-18

申请人： Rudolf Schulten ,  Behzad Sahabi

发明人： Rudolf Schulten ,  Behzad Sahabi

IPC分类号： C04B41/50 ,  C04B41/87

CPC分类号： C04B41/009 ,  C04B41/5059 ,  C04B41/87

摘要： For the production of a shaped body of graphite with a reaction-bound Si/SiC coating it is proposed to bring the shaped body--provided with a slip layer of a homogenized mixture, heated and gassed under vacuum with gaseous silicon or impregnated with liquid silicon--to a form of predetermined dimensions. To this end the shaped body is treated after the coating by cutting or brushing or by electronically controlled laser erosion or by several of these measures.

摘要翻译： 为了生产具有反应结合的Si / SiC涂层的成形体的石墨，建议使具有均匀化混合物的滑动层的成形体带有气态硅或真空浸渍或用液态硅浸渍 到预定尺寸的形式。 为此，通过切割或刷涂或通过电子控制的激光侵蚀或通过这些措施中的几种来对被成形体进行处理。

公开(公告)号：US4274938A

公开(公告)日：1981-06-23

申请号：US97968

申请日：1979-11-28

申请人： Rudolf Schulten ,  Friedrich Behr ,  Helmut Wenzl

发明人： Rudolf Schulten ,  Friedrich Behr ,  Helmut Wenzl

IPC分类号： C25B1/04 ,  C25B1/02 ,  C25B1/14 ,  C25B9/00 ,  C25B9/06 ,  C25B9/08 ,  C25B15/08 ,  C25C3/02 ,  C25B13/04

CPC分类号： C25B1/02 ,  C25B1/14 ,  Y02E60/366 ,  Y02P20/132 ,  Y10T428/12063

摘要： An apparatus for producing hydrogen and oxygen or oxides wherein electrolysis of an aqueous system is carried out using, in the cathode compartment of the electrolysis cell, a hydride-forming liquid metal, the resulting hydride being thermally decomposed to produce the hydrogen.

摘要翻译： 一种用于生产氢和氧或氧化物的设备，其中使用在电解池的阴极室中进行电解的氢化物形成液态金属，所得的氢化物被热分解以产生氢。

公开(公告)号：US4830817A

公开(公告)日：1989-05-16

申请号：US113282

申请日：1987-08-04

申请人： Rudolf Schulten

发明人： Rudolf Schulten

IPC分类号： G21D7/04

CPC分类号： G21D7/04

摘要： A thermoelectric generator has a cylindrical high temperature reactor as a heat source. A carbon-fiber reinforced graphite lattice structure supports a multiplicity of thermoelectric units which surround and receive heat from the core of the reactor. The reactor core is composed of fuel rods made of graphite in which nuclear fuel particles are embedded. The central portion of the core contains reflector elements. Power regulation is provided by control rods that are insertable into the core in openings among the fuel rods.

摘要翻译： PCT No.PCT / DE86 / 00496 Sec。 371日期1987年8月4日 102（e）日期1987年8月4日PCT提交1986年12月4日PCT公布。 公开号WO87 / 03733 日期：1987年6月18日。热电发生器具有圆柱形高温反应器作为热源。 碳纤维增强石墨晶格结构支持多个热电单元，其围绕并接收来自反应器芯的热量。 反应堆堆芯由埋入核燃料颗粒的石墨燃料棒组成。 芯的中心部分包​​含反射器元件。 功率调节由控制棒提供，该控制杆可插入到燃料棒之间的开口中的芯中。

公开(公告)号：US4235863A

公开(公告)日：1980-11-25

申请号：US12746

申请日：1979-02-16

申请人： Rudolf Schulten ,  Friedrich Behr ,  Helmut Wenzl

发明人： Rudolf Schulten ,  Friedrich Behr ,  Helmut Wenzl

IPC分类号： C25B1/04 ,  C25B1/02 ,  C25B1/14 ,  C25B9/00 ,  C25B9/06 ,  C25B9/08 ,  C01B1/03 ,  C01B15/00 ,  C01B6/04

CPC分类号： C25B1/02 ,  C25B1/14 ,  Y02E60/366 ,  Y02P20/132 ,  Y10T428/12063

摘要： A method of producing hydrogen and oxygen or oxides wherein electrolysis ofn aqueous system is carried out using, in the cathode compartment of the electrolysis cell, a hydride-forming liquid metal, the resulting hydride being thermally decomposed to produce the hydrogen.

摘要翻译： 一种生产氢和氧或氧化物的方法，其中使用电解池的阴极室中的氢化物形成液态金属进行水系统的电解，所得氢化物被热分解以产生氢。