Abstract:
Disclosed is a method for cooling high-temperature loaded units in cooled reactors used for gasifying carbon-containing fuels by means of oxygen-containing gasification media, the reactor walls being cooled using a coolant cycle. In order to definitely prevent substances from penetrating from the reactor into the cooling cycle in case of leaks, the units that are to be cooled, e.g. gasification burners, burner muffles, or the like, are equipped with an independent cooling cycle which is directly connected to the main cooling cycle.
Abstract:
An apparatus and a process for cooling a feed injector (12) of a gasification reactor (10) that produces synthesis gas is described. Cooling fluid is injected into a channel (14) in the feed injector (12) adapted for circulating the fluid. The injection pressure is maintained near or above the gasification reactor pressure. The fluid is withdrawn from the channel through an outlet at an outlet pressure between about 515 KPa above to about 1030 KPa below the gasification reactor pressure. The fluid is cooled, degassed, and injected back into the channel in the feed injector. The pressure on the cooling system is variable and tracks the gasification reactor pressure.
Abstract:
Disclosed is a method for cooling high-temperature loaded units in cooled reactors used for gasifying carbon-containing fuels by means of oxygen-containing gasification media, the reactor walls being cooled using a coolant cycle. In order to definitely prevent substances from penetrating from the reactor into the cooling cycle in case of leaks, the units that are to be cooled, e.g. gasification burners, burner muffles, or the like, are equipped with an independent cooling cycle which is directly connected to the main cooling cycle.
Abstract:
This invention refers to an apparatus for the processing of pre-hydrolysis of biomass, particularly a reactor of the failsafe type, either mobile or not, which may be manufactured of microbonded carbon steel and coated with special materials (refractory metals, superalloys, stainless materials, plastics, etc.). The insertion of vacuum between the shell of the reactor and its coating prevents its implosion and permits the detection of leakage with helium gas. The resistance to corrosion of the refractory metals enables carrying out of pre-hydrolysis and mineral digestion. In the process of this invention, biomass is compacted at 300 kg/m by a helical feeder, degased, flooded, heated, stirred, pre-hydrolyzed, the sugar being recovered at a first washing within the reactor with values higher than 90 %. The low liquid/solid ratio = 2 enables one to achieve sugar content of 10 bricks in the pre-hydrolysate and a consumption of 6 % of the energy contained in the processed biomass. The pre-hydrolysate is constituted by solutions of xylose and others and is intended for the production of furfural, alcohol and xylitol. The control of the process enables one to produce cellulignin with a high specific surface, 2 m /g (measured by BET), compared with the value of 0.4 m /g of non-hydrolyzed biomass, maintain crystallinity of the cellulose fibers, aiming at grinding it into fine particles (f
Abstract:
Procédé continu de phosgénation catalytique d'un composé organique E en un produit P, ledit procédé étant exécuté dans un réacteur piston R2, de préférence de forme cylindrique, ledit réacteur R2 étant pourvu d'un moyen mécanique d'agitation axiale, et dans lequel procédé le phosgène consommé dans ledit réacteur R2 est généré de manière continue dans un premier réacteur R1 situé en amont du réacteur R2, et dans lequel procédé : - on génère, dans ledit premier réacteur R1, du phosgène à partir de CO et Cl 2, - on fait entrer dans ledit réacteur R2 de manière continue, de préférence à l'extrémité amont dudit réacteur R2, au moins une phase liquide comportant ledit composé organique E, et on injecte, de préférence de manière continue, le phosgène généré dans ledit premier réacteur R1 dans ledit second réacteur R2, de préférence à son extrémité amont, - on soumet ladite phase liquide, de préférence à une température comprise entre -25°C et +200°C et sous agitation mécanique axiale, à l'influence d'une pression de phosgène comprise entre 1 et 10 bar, pendant un temps de passage t compris entre 1 seconde et 10 minutes, de manière à ce que le phosgène réagit avec ladite phase organique pour former ledit produit P, - on sort la phase liquide comportant ledit produit P dudit réacteur.
Abstract:
Method for the safety and extension of the operating life of pressure equipment comprising an internal chamber suitable for containing a process fluid, surrounded by a pressure-resistant body (1) equipped with weep-holes (2), consisting of a material subject to corrosion by contact with said process fluid during operation, coated inside with an anticorrosive lining (4) made up of several elements welded to each other, wherein said lining weldings (3) are completely isolated from contact with the process fluid of the normal operating run, by a coating with adjoining strips (or plates) (10, 10', 10", 10'''), of the same material as said lining (4) or other corrosion-resistant material weldable thereto, which are subsequently seal-welded on the edges to said lining (4) and to each other, characterized in that the arrangement and welding of the edges of these strips (10, 10', 10", 10''') are such as to create a network of underlying interstices (or meati) (9, 11), communicating with each other and with at least one weep-hole (2).
Abstract:
The present application relates to a method of manufacturing a tube sheet (7) and heat exchanger assembly for a pool reactor or pool condenser for use in the production of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide, wherein the method comprises manufacturing of the tube sheet (7) from a carbon steel material grade and providing said tube sheet (7) with corrosion protective layers (8, 9) of an austenitic- ferritic duplex stainless steel grade, wherein the heat exchanger comprises at least one U-shaped tube (13) of an austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel grade, the method further comprises inserting at least two sleeves (11) of an austenitic-ferritic duplex stainless steel grade through the tube sheet (7) such that both ends of the sleeve (11) extend in a direction away from the tube sheet (7), the method further comprises connecting the sleeves (11), at least the opposing ends thereof, to at least the protective layers (8,9) of the tube sheet (7) and finally, connecting both ends of the at least one U-shaped tube (13) to the respective sleeves (11).
Abstract:
Vorrichtung mit einer elektrisch isolierenden Hülse 41 für eine Elektrodenhalterung 21 in CVD Reaktoren, umfassend eine zur Aufnahme eines Filamentstabes 81 geeigneten Elektrode 31 auf einer Elektrodenhalterung 21 aus einem elektrisch leitfähigen Material, die in einer Aussparung einer Bodenplatte 11 angebracht ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die elektrisch isolierende Hülse 41 aus einem Siliconelastomer besteht, welches einen spezifischen Durchgangswiderstand von mindestens 10 12 Ωcm gemessen nach IEC 60093 aufweist.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method for repairing and restoring the functionality of equipment subjected to internal corrosion during its operation at high or medium pressure in a plant for the synthesis of urea. This method comprises: 1) the cleaning of the corroded area; 2) the formation, in the cleaned area, of suitable supporting and/or holding surfaces for the placement of new metallic lining; 3) the formation of new, anticorrosive, sealed off lining, obtained by positioning and welding flat elements and metallic plates suitably shaped and placed next to each other to become adapted to the internal profile of the equipment, so that the spaces and interstices below this new lining, all communicate with at least one weep-hole present in the pressure-resistant body. The entire repair is carried out through the manhole of the equipment and enables the restoring of its functionality for times similar to the normal duration of corresponding newly-constructed equipment.