Abstract:
An optical structure for combining light from a plurality of individual optical fibers into a single optical transmission device. The structure can be incorporated into the optical probe of a spectrophotometric instrument and includes a plurality of optical send fibers (116) having input and output ends and an optical light mixer having input and output ends. The light mixer assembly (110) effectively splices the send fibers (116) to the mixer fiber (152) and includes a connector formed by outer shell (160), inner shell (162), send fiber ferrule (164), mixer fiber ferrule (166) and alignment pin (168). The send fibers (116) extend through the connector outer shell (160) and into send fiber ferrule (164). The ends of the send fibers (116) are secured (e.g., by an optical grade adhesive) in an aperture (170) in the send fiber ferrule (164), cleaved, and polished to provide an optical-quality mating surface. Similarly, the end of the mixer fiber (152) extends through the connector inner shell (162) and into mixer fiber ferrule (166). The end of the mixer fiber (152) is located within an aperture (172) in the mixer fiber ferrule (166).
Abstract:
The invention relates to a method of determining mainly the compressibility number K, the standard volumetric gross calorific value Hv,n and the standard density ςn of test gases (1) using values determined from a spectrum of the test gases (1). The invention describes various approaches of translating the values for determining the desired values using the data of the spectrum in the operational condition to the standard reference condition using two-step iteration processes without having to subject the test gases (1) to time-consuming treatments. The invention further relates to devices which are useful for determining the values required for said methods and which further develop devices that can be used for carrying out said methods.
Abstract:
An instrument system for monitoring corona and like conditions of electrical equipment such as generators includes an optical probe (20) which receives light from a plurality of different areas in the equipment and separately conveys the light acquired from each area to a position-sensitive photoelectric converter (24). The probe includes optical fibers (22) with terminal ends disposed in spaced holes in the wall of a tubular housing. The output of the photoelectric converter (24) is analyzed to determine the presence of corona, arcing, flame ignition combustion, or smoldering conditions at each of the monitored areas in the equipment, the severity of such conditions, and the identity of materials involved in such conditions based on the intensity and spectral content of the acquired light. The photoelectric converter (24) includes a photomultiplier, a photodiode array, and means for automatically directing the acquired light to either one in accordance with its intensity.
Abstract:
An ellipsometer, and a method of ellipsometry, for analyzing a sample (2) using a broad range of wavelengths, includes a ligth source (4) for generating a beam of polychromatic light for interacting with the sample. A polarizer (6) polarizes the light beam before the light beam interacts with the sample. A rotating compensator (8) induces phase retardations of a polarization state of the light beam wherein the range of wavelengths and the compensator are selected such that at least a first phase retardation value is induced that is within a primary range of effective retardations of substantially 135° to 225°, and at least a second phase retardation value is induced that is outside of the primary range. An analyzer (10) interacts with the light beam after the light beam interacts with the sample. A detector (12) measures the intensity of light after interacting with the analyzer as a function of compensator angle and of wavelength, preferably at all wavelengths simultaneously. A processor (23) determines the polarization state of the analyzer from the light intensities measured by the detector.
Abstract:
Disclosed is a radiation detector which includes at least one photoconductive detector (6) and a modulator (2), which modulates in an on-off manner radiation passing to the photoconductive detector (6) from a radiation source (4). A bias source (8) is connected to one terminal of the photoconductive detector (6). A first amplifier (17) is connected to the other terminal of the photoconductive detector (6), and a second amplifier (34) receives an output of the first amplifier (17). A first phase detector (36) detects the phase of modulation of the radiation source (4) by the modulator (2) and generates a reference signal relating thereto. A switch (34) in the second amplifier (24) changes, in response to the reference signal generated by the first phase detector (36), the second amplifier between an inverting state and a non-inverting state as the modulator (2) changes the phase of modulation of the radiation.
Abstract:
The invention provides on the one hand a method for measuring the spectrum of a material, wherein a sample (10) of the material to be tested is irradiated with a radiation of required wavelengths and the spectrum signals produced by an intensity measuring unit (34) as a result of the radiation reflected or transmitted by the sample (10) are measured. According to the present invention, a zero level signal produced by the intensity measuring unit (34) in an unradiated condition is measured and the measured zero level value is stored, then one or more spectrum signal measurements are performed at at least one wavelength and the measured one or more spectrum values are stored, then the zero level signal produced by the intensity measuring unit (34) is measured again in an unradiated condition and its value is stored, then preferably said one or more spectrum signal measurements at at least one wavelength prescribed and said storage of the measured values as well as said zero level signal measurement and said storage of the measured value are repeated as many times as required, and finally the stored spectrum values are modified by correction values generated on the basis of the stored zero level values. On the other hand the invention is an apparatus for measuring the spectrum of a material comprising a controllable monochromator (1) emitting a radiation of a required wavelength onto a sample (10) of the material to be tested, an intensity measuring unit (34) provided with a sensor (11) sensitive to the radiation reflected or transmitted by the sample (10), a data processing unit (14) connected to the intensity measuring unit (34) via an analog-to-digital converter (13), and a control unit controlling the analog-to-digital converter (13) synchronously with the monochromator (1) while irradiating the sample (10) with the radiation of the required wavelength. According to the invention the control unit comprises means (17, 7, 27, 29, 21,19) to provide at least one start signal onto a control input (31) of the analog-to-digital converter (13) prior to and/or after the period of irradiating the sample (10) with the radiation of the required wavelength (Figure 1).
Abstract:
An infrared (IR) imaging system (100) for determining a concentration of a target species in an object (110) is disclosed. The imaging system can include an optical system including an optical focal plane array (FPA) unit (136). The optical system can have components defining at least two optical channels (120) thereof, said at least two optical channels being spatially and spectrally different from one another. Each of the at least two optical channels can be positioned to transfer IR radiation incident on the optical system towards the optical FPA. The system can include a processing unit (150) containing a processor that can be configured to acquire multispectral optical data representing said target species from the IR radiation received at the optical FPA. Said optical system and said processing unit can be contained together in a data acquisition and processing module configured to be worn or carried by a person.