Abstract:
Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to temperature control of a reactor using probability distribution of temperature measurements. In one embodiment, a method of controlling a temperature of a chemical reaction includes injecting a reactant stream into a reactor and through a catalyst bed of the reactor. The reactant stream includes a hydrocarbon and oxygen. Injection of the reactant stream into the catalyst bed causes an exothermic chemical reaction. The method further includes circulating a coolant through the reactor, thereby removing heat from the catalyst bed. The method further includes measuring temperature at a plurality of locations in the catalyst bed. The method further includes calculating a fraction of the catalyst bed greater than a predetermined maximum temperature limit using a probability distribution generated using the temperature measurements.
Abstract:
A catalytic reactor is provided comprising a plurality of first flow channels including a catalyst for a first reaction; a plurality of second flow channels arranged alternately with the first flow channels; adjacent first and second flow channels being separated by a divider plate (13a, 13b), and a distributed temperature sensor such as an optical fibre cable (19). The distributed temperature sensor may be located within the divider plate, or within one or 10 more of the flow channels.
Abstract:
Die vorliegende Erfindung stellt eine Schutz- und Versorgungsvorrichtung (1) für einen chemischen Reaktor (2,2') und ferner eine diese umfassende Reaktorvorrichtung und ein modulares Prozesssystem bereit Die Schutz- und Versorgungsvorrichtung (1) wird durch ein Gehäuse (11) gebildet, dessen Wände doppelwandig ausgeführt sind und zumindest einen Kühlmittelein- und -auslass (112,113,19) aufweisen. Dabei ist an einer Fläche des kastenförmigen Gehäuses (11) eine verschließbare Tür (12) ausgebildet, in der zumindest eine elektrische Versorgungsvorrichtung aufgenommen ist, die mit zumindest einer innen an der Tür (12) angeordneten Steckdose (14) und zumindest einem außen an der Tür (12) angeordneten Schalter (13) zur Schaltung der zumindest einen Steckdose (14) verbunden ist. Ferner ist ein Kontaktschalter zwischen der Tür (12) und dem übrigen Gehäuse (11) vorgesehen, der mit der elektrischen Versorgungsvorrichtung verbunden ist.
Abstract:
A continuous process for the manufacture of a polyamide, the process comprising the steps of: (i) flowing a stream A comprising a moltendicarboxylic acid, or a molten dicarboxylic acid-rich mixture comprising a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine, through a first stage and at least one more reaction stage of a vertical multistage reactor, wherein the first stage is at the top of the reactor; (ii) counter-currently flowing a stream B comprising a diamine as either a vapor or a diamine-rich liquid through at least one of the stages below the first reaction stage of said vertical multistage reactor; (iii) accumulating a liquid phase material P comprising polyamide at and/or below the final stage of said reactor; wherein said reactor is equipped with internal features suitable for effecting contact between counter-currently flowing streams A and B; and wherein the process further comprises controlling the viscosity of said liquid phase material P by directly controlling the chemical equilibrium of the polyamidation reaction or by controlling stream B so that the amounts of diamine and dicarboxylic acid introduced into the reactor during the process are stoichiometrically imbalanced. The invention further provides a vertical multistage reactor configured to implement said process.
Abstract:
A liquid fuel catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) reformer can include a plurality or an array of spaced-apart CPOX reactor units, each reactor unit including an elongate tube having a gas-permeable wall with internal and external surfaces, the wall enclosing an open gaseous flow passageway with at least a portion of the wall having CPOX catalyst disposed therein and/or comprising its structure. The catalyst-containing wall structure and open gaseous flow passageway enclosed thereby define a gaseous phase CPOX reaction zone, the catalyst-containing wall section being gas-permeable to allow gaseous CPOX reaction mixture to diffuse therein and hydrogen rich product reformate to diffuse therefrom. At least the exterior surface of the CPOX reaction zone can include a hydrogen barrier. The liquid fuel CPOX reformer can include a vaporizer, one or more igniters, and a source of liquid reformable fuel.
Abstract:
Integrated gaseous fuel catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX) reformer and fuel cell systems can include a plurality or an array of spaced-apart CPOX reactor units, each reactor unit including an elongate tube having a gas-permeable wall with internal and external surfaces, the wall enclosing an open gaseous flow passageway with at least a portion of the wall having CPOX catalyst disposed therein and/or comprising its structure. The catalyst-containing wall structure and open gaseous flow passageway enclosed thereby define a gaseous phase CPOX reaction zone, the catalyst-containing wall section being gas-permeable to allow gaseous CPOX reaction mixture to diffuse therein and hydrogen rich product reformate to diffuse therefrom. The gaseous fuel CPOX reformer also can include one or more igniters, and a source of gaseous reformable fuel. The hydrogen-rich reformate can be converted to electricity within a fuel cell unit integrated with the gaseous fuel CPOX reformer.
Abstract:
A polyolefin manufacturing system and method including polymerizing olefin in a first reactor to form a polyolefin, transferring the polyolefin to a second reactor, polymerizing olefin in the second reactor, and discharging a product polyolefin from the second reactor. The system and method including operating the first reactor with a first reactor pressure relief system and the second reactor with a second reactor pressure relief system, both pressure relief systems to discharge to a flare system, and wherein a relief instrumented system (RIS) is configured to direct at least one process interlock that mitigates an excess reaction scenario as an overpressure relief scenario.
Abstract:
A hydrogen generator includes: a desulfurizer including a desulfurization catalyst that removes a sulfur compound in a raw material by a desulfurization reaction, the desulfurization catalyst being arranged so as to be heated by a first heat source; a reformer configured to generate a hydrogen-containing gas using the raw material having flowed through the desulfurizer; a first temperature detector configured to detect a temperature of a predetermined portion of the desulfurization catalyst; a second temperature detector configured to detect the temperature of a portion of the desulfurization catalyst, the portion being located such that a distance between the portion and the first heat source is longer than a distance between the predetermined portion and the first heat source; and a controller configured to control an operation of heating the desulfurization catalyst by the first heat source, based on detection results of the first temperature detector and the second temperature detector.
Abstract:
Provided is an information processing apparatus that can detect occurrence of an abnormality in a microwave irradiation apparatus, including: a supplied electric power value accepting unit 13 that accepts a supplied electric power value, which is a difference between an electric power value of microwaves incident on a microwave irradiation apparatus 2 and an electric power value of microwaves reflected by the microwave irradiation apparatus 2; a temperature accepting unit 15 that accepts a temperature of a content; an electric energy calculating unit 14 that calculates an electric energy corresponding to a microwave irradiation time, using the supplied electric power value; a temperature change calculating unit 16 that calculates a temperature change corresponding to the microwave irradiation time, using the accepted temperature; a judging unit 20 that, using the electric energy, the temperature change, and a relational expression for associating the electric energy and the temperature change, judges whether or not the relational expression is satisfied within a tolerable range by the electric energy and the temperature change; and an output unit 21 that performs output regarding occurrence of an abnormality, in a case where it is judged that the relational expression is not satisfied within the tolerable range by the electric energy and the temperature change.