公开(公告)号：US09230639B2

公开(公告)日：2016-01-05

申请号：US14799945

申请日：2015-07-15

Applicant: Apple Inc.

Inventor： Tomer Ish-Shalom ,  Ronen Dar

IPC: G11C16/10 ,  G11C11/56 ,  G11C16/08

CPC classification number: G11C11/5642 ,  G11C16/08 ,  G11C16/10 ,  G11C16/20 ,  G11C16/26

Abstract: A method includes programming a group of analog memory cells by writing respective analog values into the memory cells in the group. After programming the group, the analog values are read from the memory cells in the group using a set of read thresholds so as to produce readout results. Respective optimal positions for the read thresholds in the set are identified based on the readout results. A noise level in the readout results is estimated based on the identified optimal positions of the read thresholds.

Abstract translation: 一种方法包括通过将相应的模拟值写入组中的存储器单元来对一组模拟存储器单元进行编程。 在对该组进行编程之后，使用一组读取阈值从组中的存储器单元读取模拟值，以产生读出结果。 基于读出结果来识别集合中读取阈值的各个最佳位置。 基于所识别的读取阈值的最佳位置来估计读出结果中的噪声电平。

公开(公告)号：US20150318037A1

公开(公告)日：2015-11-05

申请号：US14799945

申请日：2015-07-15

Applicant: Apple Inc.

Inventor： Tomer Ish-Shalom ,  Ronen Dar

IPC: G11C11/56 ,  G11C16/08

CPC classification number: G11C11/5642 ,  G11C16/08 ,  G11C16/10 ,  G11C16/20 ,  G11C16/26

Abstract: A method includes programming a group of analog memory cells by writing respective analog values into the memory cells in the group. After programming the group, the analog values are read from the memory cells in the group using a set of read thresholds so as to produce readout results. Respective optimal positions for the read thresholds in the set are identified based on the readout results. A noise level in the readout results is estimated based on the identified optimal positions of the read thresholds.

Abstract translation: 一种方法包括通过将相应的模拟值写入组中的存储器单元来对一组模拟存储器单元进行编程。 在对该组进行编程之后，使用一组读取阈值从组中的存储器单元读取模拟值，以产生读出结果。 基于读出结果来识别集合中读取阈值的各个最佳位置。 基于所识别的读取阈值的最佳位置来估计读出结果中的噪声电平。

公开(公告)号：US09159407B2

公开(公告)日：2015-10-13

申请号：US13657061

申请日：2012-10-22

Applicant: Apple Inc.

Inventor： Tomer Ish-Shalom ,  Ronen Dar

IPC: G11C11/34 ,  G11C11/56 ,  G11C16/34 ,  G11C29/02

CPC classification number: G11C11/5642 ,  G11C16/349 ,  G11C29/021 ,  G11C29/028

Abstract: A method includes storing data in a group of analog memory cells by writing respective analog values into the memory cells in the group. After storing the data, the analog values are read from the memory cells in the group one or more times using one or more respective read thresholds so as to produce readout results. Reliability measures are computed for the read analog values based on the readout results. An offset of the one or more read thresholds from an optimal read threshold position is estimated based on the reliability measures. The reliability measures are modified to compensate for the estimated offset, and the data stored in the analog memory cells in the group is decoded using the corrected reliability measures.

Abstract translation: 一种方法包括通过将相应的模拟值写入组中的存储器单元来将数据存储在一组模拟存储器单元中。 在存储数据之后，使用一个或多个相应的读取阈值从组中的存储器单元中读取模拟值一次或多次，以便产生读出结果。 基于读出结果计算读取模拟值的可靠性度量。 基于可靠性度量来估计一个或多个读取阈值与最佳读取阈值位置的偏移。 修改可靠性度量以补偿估计的偏移，并且使用校正的可靠性度量对存储在组中的模拟存储器单元中的数据进行解码。

公开(公告)号：US09021334B2

公开(公告)日：2015-04-28

申请号：US13874995

申请日：2013-05-01

Applicant: Apple Inc.

Inventor： Barak Baum ,  Tomer Ish-Shalom ,  Micha Anholt ,  Eyal Gurgi ,  Yoav Kasorla

IPC: G11C29/00 ,  G06F11/10

CPC classification number: G06F11/10 ,  G06F11/1076 ,  G11C7/14 ,  G11C11/5621 ,  G11C29/021 ,  G11C29/028 ,  G11C29/42

Abstract: A method includes, in a memory that includes two or more memory units, storing a code word of an Error Correction Code (ECC) that is representable by a plurality of check equations, such that a first part of the code word is stored in a first memory unit and a second part of the code word is stored in a second memory unit. A subset of the check equations, which operate only on code word bits belonging to the first part stored in the first memory unit, is identified. The first part of the code word is retrieved from the first memory unit, and a count of the check equations in the identified subset that are not satisfied by the retrieved first part of the code word is evaluated. One or more readout parameters, for readout from the first memory unit, are set depending on the evaluated count.

Abstract translation: 一种方法包括在包括两个或多个存储器单元的存储器中，存储可由多个检验方程表示的纠错码（ECC）的代码字，使得代码字的第一部分被存储在 第一存储单元和码字的第二部分被存储在第二存储单元中。 识别仅对属于存储在第一存储器单元中的第一部分的代码字位操作的检验方程的子集。 从第一存储器单元检索代码字的第一部分，并且对所检索的代码字的第一部分不满足的所识别的子集中的检验方程的计数进行评估。 根据评估计数来设定用于从第一存储器单元读出的一个或多个读出参数。

公开(公告)号：US08773905B1

公开(公告)日：2014-07-08

申请号：US13786792

申请日：2013-03-06

Applicant: Apple Inc.

Inventor： Alex Radinski ,  Barak Baum ,  Eyal Gurgi ,  Micha Anholt ,  Ronen Dar ,  Tomer Ish-Shalom ,  Yael Shur

IPC: G11C16/26 ,  G11C16/34 ,  G11C27/00 ,  G11C16/04

CPC classification number: G11C16/04 ,  G11C11/5642 ,  G11C16/26 ,  G11C27/005 ,  G11C2211/5641

Abstract: A method includes performing a read operation that reads data from a group of analog memory cells using at least one read threshold, to produce readout results. A detection is made that the read threshold is set in a restricted range that causes the readout results not to reflect the read threshold. The data is reproduced from the group of the memory cells while compensating for the read threshold that is set in the restricted range.

Abstract translation: 一种方法包括执行使用至少一个读取阈值从一组模拟存储器单元读取数据的读取操作，以产生读出结果。 检测到读取阈值被设置在导致读出结果不反映读取阈值的限制范围内。 在对限制范围内设定的读取阈值进行补偿的同时，从存储单元组再现数据。

公开(公告)号：US10382069B2

公开(公告)日：2019-08-13

申请号：US14823061

申请日：2015-08-11

Applicant: APPLE INC.

Inventor： Moti Teitel ,  Tomer Ish-Shalom ,  Yonathan Tate

IPC: H03M13/11 ,  H03M13/00

Abstract: A method for data encoding includes receiving a data vector to be encoded into a code word in accordance with a code defined by a parity-check matrix H. An intermediate vector s is produced by multiplying the data vector by a data sub-matrix Hs of the parity-check matrix H. A parity part of the code word is derived by applying a sequence of operations to the intermediate vector s based on a decomposition of a parity sub-matrix Hp of the matrix H using matrices A, C, U and V, in which decomposition A is a block triangular matrix that has the same size as Hp, C is matrix that is smaller than Hp, and the matrices U and V are placement matrices that are selected so that A, C, U and V satisfy a matrix equation Hp=A+UCV.

公开(公告)号：US20190207630A1

公开(公告)日：2019-07-04

申请号：US15856107

申请日：2017-12-28

Applicant: Apple Inc.

Inventor： Yonathan Tate ,  Tomer Ish-Shalom

IPC: H03M13/37 ,  H03M13/39 ,  H03M13/43 ,  H03M13/11

CPC classification number: H03M13/3746 ,  H03M13/11 ,  H03M13/1108 ,  H03M13/1131 ,  H03M13/39 ,  H03M13/43

Abstract: A decoder includes multiple variable-node circuits and logic circuitry. The variable-node circuits hold variables of an Error Correction Code (ECC), defined by a set of check equations over multiple variables corresponding to the variable-node circuits. The logic circuitry is configured to receive a code word encoded using the ECC, to hold, prior to decoding in a sequence of iterations, a scheduling scheme that specifies, for each iteration, whether each of the variable-node circuits is to be processed or skipped in that iteration, to perform the iterations in the sequence, including selecting for processing, in each iteration, only variable-node circuits specified for processing in that iteration, to determine for each selected variable-node circuit, a count of unsatisfied check equations in which the respective variable participates, and to make a decision on flipping a binary value of the variable based on the count and apply the decision by the respective variable-node circuit.

公开(公告)号：US20170351569A1

公开(公告)日：2017-12-07

申请号：US15169825

申请日：2016-06-01

Applicant: Apple Inc.

Inventor： Moti Teitel ,  Tomer Ish-Shalom

IPC: G06F11/10 ,  H03M13/11 ,  G11C29/52

CPC classification number: G06F11/1068 ,  G11C16/26 ,  G11C29/021 ,  G11C29/028 ,  G11C29/52 ,  G11C2029/0411 ,  H03M13/1148

Abstract: A storage device includes a memory that includes storage circuitry and a memory including multiple memory cells. The storage circuitry is configured to store in a group of the memory cells data that was encoded using an error correcting code (ECC) consisting of multiple component codes, to define multiple threshold settings, each specifying positions of one or more reading-thresholds, to read the data from the memory cells in the group using the threshold settings and decode the read data using the component codes, to calculate for the component codes respective component-code scores that are indicative of levels of confidence in the decoded data of the component-codes, to select, based on the component-code scores, a threshold setting that is expected to result in a best readout performance among the multiple threshold settings, and to read data from the memory using the selected threshold setting.

公开(公告)号：US09787329B2

公开(公告)日：2017-10-10

申请号：US14883657

申请日：2015-10-15

Applicant: APPLE INC.

Inventor： Tomer Ish-Shalom ,  Moti Teitel

IPC: H03M13/00 ,  H03M13/29

CPC classification number: H03M13/2906 ,  H03M13/098 ,  H03M13/19 ,  H03M13/616 ,  H03M13/617

Abstract: An apparatus for data coding includes an encoder and a decoder. The encoder is configured to receive input data including one or more m-bit data groups that are associated with respective group indices, to generate a code word that includes the input data and an m-bit redundancy that depends on the data groups and on the respective group indices, and to send the code word over a channel. The decoder is connected to the channel and is configured to produce a syndrome that equals zero when the code word is error-free, and when the code word contains a single error caused by the channel, is indicative of an erroneous group in which the single error occurred, and of a location of the single error within the erroneous group, and to recover the input data by correcting the single error at the location in the erroneous group.

公开(公告)号：US09489257B2

公开(公告)日：2016-11-08

申请号：US14499207

申请日：2014-09-28

Applicant: Apple Inc.

Inventor： Tomer Ish-Shalom ,  Eyal Gurgi ,  Moti Teitel

IPC: G11C29/00 ,  G06F11/10 ,  G11C29/52 ,  H03M13/45

CPC classification number: G06F11/1068 ,  G06F11/1012 ,  G11C29/52 ,  H03M13/45

Abstract: A method for data storage includes reading storage values, which represent stored data, from a group of memory cells using read thresholds, and deriving respective soft reliability metrics for the storage values. The storage values are classified into two or more subgroups based on a predefined classification criterion. Independently within each subgroup, a subgroup-specific distribution of the storage values in the subgroup is estimated, and the soft reliability metrics of the storage values in the subgroup are corrected based on the subgroup-specific distribution. The stored data is decoded using the corrected soft reliability metrics.

Abstract translation: 一种用于数据存储的方法包括：使用读取阈值从一组存储器单元读取表示存储数据的存储值，以及导出用于存储值的相应的软可靠性度量。 基于预定义的分类标准将存储值分类为两个或更多个子组。 在每个子组内独立地估计子组中存储值的子组特定分布，并且基于子组特定分布来校正子组中的存储值的软可靠性度量。 使用校正的软可靠性度量对存储的数据进行解码。