公开(公告)号：US20050201918A1

公开(公告)日：2005-09-15

申请号：US10708565

申请日：2004-03-11

Applicant: John Gordon ,  Hachiya Toshinori ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  Sai Bhavaraju

Inventor： John Gordon ,  Hachiya Toshinori ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  Sai Bhavaraju

IPC: B01J21/18 ,  C25B9/00 ,  C25B11/00 ,  C25B11/03 ,  C25B11/04 ,  C25B13/00 ,  C25C7/00 ,  C25C7/02 ,  C25C7/04 ,  C25D17/00 ,  C25D17/12 ,  H01M2/14 ,  H01M4/00 ,  H01M4/86 ,  H01M4/90 ,  H01M4/96

CPC classification number: C25B11/0463 ,  C23C18/1216 ,  C23C18/1254 ,  C23C18/127 ,  C23C18/1275 ,  H01M4/8875 ,  H01M4/9016 ,  H01M4/96 ,  H01M8/08 ,  Y10S502/525 ,  Y10S516/901

Abstract: An improved gas diffusion electrode composed of a perovskite-type oxide dispersed in a mixture of carbon black and a hydrophobic binder polymer. An improved catalyst for use in the electrochemical reduction of oxygen comprising a perovskite-type compound having alpha and beta sites, and having a greater molar ratio of cations at the beta site. A particularly good reduction catalyst is a neodymium calcium manganite. An improved method of dispersing the catalysts with carbon in a reaction layer of the electrode improves performance of the electrode and the oxygen reduction process. This is provided by adding carbon black to an aqueous solution of metal salts before it is heated to a gel and then to a char and then calcined. Optionally, a quantity of the desired oxide catalyst can be premixed with a portion the carbon before adding the carbon to an aqueous solution of the metal salts to be heated. The amount of premixed metal oxide is chosen in conjunction with the amount of metal salts to provide the desired molar ratio after heating and calcining of the aqueous solution.

Abstract translation: 改进的气体扩散电极，其由分散在炭黑和疏水性粘合剂聚合物的混合物中的钙钛矿型氧化物组成。 用于电化学还原氧的改进的催化剂包括具有α和β位点的钙钛矿型化合物，并且在β位具有更大的阳离子摩尔比。 特别好的还原催化剂是钕钙锰矿。 将电催化剂用碳分散在电极的反应层中的改进方法提高了电极的性能和氧还原过程。 这是通过在金属盐的水溶液加热至凝胶然后加入炭然后煅烧之前将炭黑加入到水溶液中而提供的。 任选地，一定量的所需氧化物催化剂可以在将碳添加到待加热的金属盐的水溶液中之前与碳的一部分预混合。 联合金属盐的量选择预混合金属氧化物的量，以便在加热和煅烧水溶液之后提供所需的摩尔比。

公开(公告)号：US09631285B2

公开(公告)日：2017-04-25

申请号：US13286908

申请日：2011-11-01

Applicant: Joseph J. Hartvigsen ,  Ashok V. Joshi ,  S. Elangovan ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  John Howard Gordon ,  Michele Hollist

Inventor： Joseph J. Hartvigsen ,  Ashok V. Joshi ,  S. Elangovan ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  John Howard Gordon ,  Michele Hollist

IPC: C25B9/00 ,  C25B1/04 ,  C25B9/08 ,  C25B9/16 ,  C25B9/18 ,  C25D17/00 ,  C25C7/00 ,  C25B1/02 ,  C25B1/00 ,  C25B9/20 ,  H01M8/124

CPC classification number: C25B1/02 ,  C25B1/00 ,  C25B1/04 ,  C25B9/206 ,  H01M2008/1293 ,  Y02E60/364 ,  Y02E60/366

Abstract: A process is provided for synthesizing synthesis gas from carbon dioxide obtained from atmospheric air or other available carbon dioxide source and water using a sodium-conducting electrochemical cell. Synthesis gas is also produced by the coelectrolysis of carbon dioxide and steam in a solid oxide fuel cell or solid oxide electrolytic cell. The synthesis gas produced may then be further processed and eventually converted into a liquid fuel suitable for transportation or other applications.

公开(公告)号：US08262872B2

公开(公告)日：2012-09-11

申请号：US12172954

申请日：2008-07-14

Applicant: Ashok V. Joshi ,  Shekar Balagopal

Inventor： Ashok V. Joshi ,  Shekar Balagopal

IPC: C25B9/08 ,  C25B9/10

CPC classification number: C02F1/4674 ,  A61L2/035 ,  A61L2/18 ,  C02F2001/46138 ,  C02F2201/46115 ,  C02F2201/46155 ,  C02F2209/02 ,  C02F2209/06 ,  C25B1/26 ,  C25B13/04

Abstract: Electrochemical apparatus and processes for the point-of-use production of cleansing, sanitizing, and antimicrobial agents, such as sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or hypochlorous acid (HOCl). The processes may be used to produce NaOCl from seawater, low purity un-softened or NaCl-based salt solutions. HOCl may be produced from HCl solutions and water. NaOCl is produced using a sodium ion conductive ceramic membrane, such as membranes based on NASICON-type materials, in an electrolytic cell. HOCl is produced using an anion conductive membrane in an electrolytic cell. The cleansing, sanitizing, and antimicrobial agent may be generated on demand and used in household, industrial, and water treatment applications.

Abstract translation: 用于清洁，消毒和抗菌剂如次氯酸钠（NaOCl）或次氯酸（HOCl）的使用点生产的电化学装置和方法。 该方法可用于从海水，低纯度未软化或NaCl基盐溶液中生产NaOCl。 HOCl可以由HCl溶液和水生产。 在电解池中使用钠离子传导性陶瓷膜（例如基于NASICON型材料的膜）制造NaOCl。 在电解槽中使用阴离子导电膜制造HOCl。 清洁，消毒和抗微生物剂可以根据需要生成并用于家庭，工业和水处理应用中。

公开(公告)号：US08075758B2

公开(公告)日：2011-12-13

申请号：US11611054

申请日：2006-12-14

Applicant: Ashok V. Joshi ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  Justin Pendelton

Inventor： Ashok V. Joshi ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  Justin Pendelton

IPC: C25B3/00

CPC classification number: C25B3/04 ,  C25B3/00

Abstract: Alkali alcoholates, also called alkali alkoxides, are produced from alkali metal salt solutions and alcohol using a three-compartment electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell includes an anolyte compartment configured with an anode, a buffer compartment, and a catholyte compartment configured with a cathode. An alkali ion conducting solid electrolyte configured to selectively transport alkali ions is positioned between the anolyte compartment and the buffer compartment. An alkali ion permeable separator is positioned between the buffer compartment and the catholyte compartment. The catholyte solution may include an alkali alcoholate and alcohol. The anolyte solution may include at least one alkali salt. The buffer compartment solution may include a soluble alkali salt and an alkali alcoholate in alcohol.

Abstract translation: 碱金属醇盐，也称碱金属醇盐，使用三室电解池由碱金属盐溶液和醇制备。 电解池包括由阳极构成的阳极电解液室，缓冲隔室和配置有阴极的阴极电解液室。 构造成选择性输送碱离子的碱离子导电固体电解质位于阳极电解液室和缓冲室之间。 碱离子可渗透分离器位于缓冲室和阴极电解液室之间。 阴极电解液可以包括碱性醇化物和醇。 阳极电解液可以包括至少一种碱金属盐。 缓冲室溶液可以包括可溶性碱金属盐和醇中的碱金属盐。

公开(公告)号：US08075746B2

公开(公告)日：2011-12-13

申请号：US11467524

申请日：2006-08-25

Applicant: Joseph J. Hartvigsen ,  Ashok V. Joshi ,  S. Elangovan ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  John Howard Gordon ,  Michele Hollist

Inventor： Joseph J. Hartvigsen ,  Ashok V. Joshi ,  S. Elangovan ,  Shekar Balagopal ,  John Howard Gordon ,  Michele Hollist

IPC: C25B9/00 ,  C25B9/06 ,  C25D17/00

CPC classification number: C25B1/02 ,  C25B1/00 ,  C25B1/04 ,  C25B9/206 ,  H01M2008/1293 ,  Y02E60/364 ,  Y02E60/366

Abstract: A method is provided for synthesizing synthesis gas from carbon dioxide obtained from atmospheric air or other available carbon dioxide source and water using a sodium-conducting electrochemical cell. Synthesis gas is also produced by the coelectrolysis of carbon dioxide and steam in a solid oxide fuel cell or solid oxide electrolytic cell. The synthesis gas produced may then be further processed and eventually converted into a liquid fuel suitable for transportation or other applications.

Abstract translation: 提供了一种用于从使用导电电化学电池从大气或其它有用的二氧化碳源和水中获得的二氧化碳合成合成气的方法。 合成气也通过在固体氧化物燃料电池或固体氧化物电解池中的二氧化碳和蒸汽的共电解产生。 然后可以进一步处理产生的合成气并最终转化为适合于运输或其他应用的液体燃料。

公开(公告)号：US20110259736A1

公开(公告)日：2011-10-27

申请号：US13079692

申请日：2011-04-04

Applicant: Shekar Balagopal ,  Vigod Matheda

Inventor： Shekar Balagopal ,  Vigod Matheda

IPC: C25B9/08

CPC classification number: B01D61/44 ,  B01D69/02 ,  B01D69/04 ,  B01D71/02 ,  B01D2323/12 ,  B01D2325/26 ,  C04B35/16 ,  C04B35/447 ,  C04B2235/3201 ,  C04B2235/3224 ,  C04B2235/3225 ,  C04B2235/3244 ,  C04B2235/3418 ,  C25B3/04 ,  C25B13/04

Abstract: Disclosed are electrolytic cells for making solutions of metal alcoholates in their corresponding alcohols using an electrolytic process. In one embodiment, sodium methylate in methanol is made from methanol and sodium hydroxide solution. The sodium hydroxide solution is placed in the anolyte compartment and the methanol is placed in the catholyte compartment, and the two compartments are separated by a ceramic membrane that selectively transports sodium under the influence of current. In preferred embodiments, the process is cost-effective and not environmentally harmful.

Abstract translation: 公开了使用电解方法在其相应的醇中制备金属醇化物溶液的电解槽。 在一个实施方案中，甲醇钠在甲醇中由甲醇和氢氧化钠溶液制成。 将氢氧化钠溶液置于阳极电解液室中，将甲醇置于阴极电解液室中，两个隔室由在电流影响下选择性输送钠的陶瓷膜隔开。 在优选的实施方案中，该方法是成本有效的并且不是环境有害的。

公开(公告)号：US07918986B2

公开(公告)日：2011-04-05

申请号：US11010822

申请日：2004-12-13

Applicant: Shekar Balagopal ,  Vinod K. Malhotra

Inventor： Shekar Balagopal ,  Vinod K. Malhotra

IPC: C25B3/00

CPC classification number: B01D61/44 ,  B01D69/02 ,  B01D69/04 ,  B01D71/02 ,  B01D2323/12 ,  B01D2325/26 ,  C04B35/16 ,  C04B35/447 ,  C04B2235/3201 ,  C04B2235/3224 ,  C04B2235/3225 ,  C04B2235/3244 ,  C04B2235/3418 ,  C25B3/04 ,  C25B13/04

Abstract: Disclosed are processes of making solutions of metal alcoholates in their corresponding alcohols using an electrolytic process. In a preferred embodiment, sodium methylate in methanol is made from methanol and sodium hydroxide solution. The sodium hydroxide solution is placed in the anolyte compartment and the methanol is placed in the catholyte compartment, and the two compartments are separated by a ceramic membrane that selectively transports sodium under the influence of current. In preferred embodiments, the process is cost-effective and not environmentally harmful.

Abstract translation: 公开了使用电解方法在其相应的醇中制备金属醇化物的溶液的方法。 在优选的实施方案中，甲醇钠在甲醇中由甲醇和氢氧化钠溶液制成。 将氢氧化钠溶液置于阳极电解液室中，将甲醇置于阴极电解液室中，两个隔室由在电流影响下选择性输送钠的陶瓷膜隔开。 在优选的实施方案中，该方法是成本有效的并且不是环境有害的。

公开(公告)号：US20090057162A1

公开(公告)日：2009-03-05

申请号：US12264068

申请日：2008-11-03

Applicant: Shekar Balagopal ,  Justin Pendelton ,  Ashok V. Joshi ,  Sai Bhavaraju

Inventor： Shekar Balagopal ,  Justin Pendelton ,  Ashok V. Joshi ,  Sai Bhavaraju

IPC: C25B3/00 ,  C25B9/00

CPC classification number: C25B1/04 ,  C25B3/04 ,  C25B13/04 ,  Y02E60/366

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for separating alkali metal ions from alkali salts of glycerine to thereby form clean glycerine. These methods are enabled by the use of alkali ion conductive membranes in electrolytic cells that are chemically stable in low pH conditions. The alkali ion conductive membrane preferably includes a chemically stable ionic-selective polymer membrane. A layered composite of a chemically stable ionic-selective polymer and a cation-conductive ceramic membrane is disclosed.

Abstract translation: 将碱金属离子与甘油碱性盐分离从而形成干净的甘油的方法和设备。 这些方法可以通过在低pH条件下化学稳定的电解池中使用碱离子导电膜来实现。 碱离子导电膜优选包括化学稳定的离子选择性聚合物膜。 公开了一种化学稳定的离子选择性聚合物和阳离子导电陶瓷膜的层状复合材料。

公开(公告)号：US20080026248A1

公开(公告)日：2008-01-31

申请号：US11627233

申请日：2007-01-25

Applicant: Shekar Balagopal ,  Justin Pendleton ,  Akash Akash ,  Kevin Kennedy

Inventor： Shekar Balagopal ,  Justin Pendleton ,  Akash Akash ,  Kevin Kennedy

IPC: B32B9/00 ,  B05D1/02 ,  B05D1/18 ,  B05D1/28 ,  B05D3/00 ,  B05D5/10 ,  B05D7/00 ,  B32B15/04

CPC classification number: C04B41/52 ,  C04B41/009 ,  C04B41/89 ,  C23C28/042 ,  C23C28/048 ,  F01D5/288 ,  F05D2220/722 ,  F05D2230/22 ,  F05D2300/50212 ,  F05D2300/611 ,  Y02E20/18 ,  Y02T50/67 ,  Y02T50/6765 ,  Y10T428/31678 ,  C04B41/5027 ,  C04B41/5029 ,  C04B35/01

Abstract: An article and method to provide protection in various environments. The article may include a metal substrate having a first coefficient of thermal expansion, a magnesium oxide-based layer having a second coefficient of thermal expansion, and a bond layer disposed between the metal substrate and the magnesium oxide-based layer. The bond layer may include a third coefficient of thermal expansion substantially intermediate the first and second coefficients of thermal expansion to facilitate thermal compatibility between the metal substrate and the magnesium oxide-based layer. Further, the magnesium oxide-based layer may be substantially non-porous, thereby providing a hermetic seal limiting gases, particulates, steam and fluid access to the metal substrate.

Abstract translation: 在各种环境中提供保护的文章和方法。 该制品可以包括具有第一热膨胀系数的金属基板，具有第二热膨胀系数的氧化镁基层，以及设置在金属基板和氧化镁基层之间的接合层。 接合层可以包括基本上介于第一和第二热膨胀系数之间的第三热膨胀系数，以促进金属基底和氧化镁基层之间的热相容性。 此外，氧化镁基层可以是基本上无孔的，从而提供限制气体，微粒，蒸汽和流体进入金属基底的气密密封。

公开(公告)号：US20070184204A1

公开(公告)日：2007-08-09

申请号：US11627302

申请日：2007-01-25

Applicant: Shekar Balagopal ,  Akash Akash ,  Justin Pendelton

Inventor： Shekar Balagopal ,  Akash Akash ,  Justin Pendelton

IPC: B05D1/36

CPC classification number: C23C2/02 ,  C23C4/02 ,  C23C8/02 ,  C23C26/00 ,  C23C28/042 ,  C23C28/322 ,  C23C28/3225 ,  C23C28/345 ,  C23C28/3455 ,  Y02T50/67 ,  Y02T50/6765

Abstract: An apparatus and method to improve protection of a pre-coated substrate in various environments. The apparatus may include a pre-coated substrate having a substantially porous vapor-deposited coating and one or more non-porous ceramic oxide-based layers applied to the pre-coated substrate by a non-vapor deposition technique. The coefficient of thermal expansion corresponding to the non-porous ceramic oxide-based layer may substantially match the thermal expansion coefficient of the vapor-deposited coating to facilitate thermal compatibility between the two. Further, the non-porous ceramic oxide-based layer may infiltrate pores of the substantially porous vapor-deposited coating to provide a well-bonded hermetic seal that limits fluid access to the pre-coated substrate through the substantially porous vapor-deposited coating.

Abstract translation: 改善在各种环境中预涂底物保护的装置和方法。 该设备可以包括具有基本上多孔的气相沉积涂层和通过非气相沉积技术施加到预涂覆的基​​底上的一个或多个无孔陶瓷氧化物基层的预涂层基底。 对应于无孔陶瓷氧化物基层的热膨胀系数可以与气相沉积涂层的热膨胀系数基本一致，以促进两者之间的热相容性。 此外，无孔陶瓷氧化物基层可能渗透基本上多孔的气相沉积涂层的孔，以提供良好结合的气密密封，从而限制流体通过基本上多孔的气相沉积涂层进入预涂覆的基​​底。