摘要:
Aromatic compounds such as toluene and o-xylene are chlorinated in the presence of a catalyst combination prepared by combining (A) at least one salt comprising a metal selected from the group consisting of a Group 4–12 metal, a lanthanide and an actinide; and a counterion; and (B) at least one organic sulfur compound, preferably phenothiazine-N-carbonyl chloride. The catalyst combination may include reaction products of (A) and (B). Under these conditions, production of the p-chloro isomer is optimized. In some embodiments said counterion is an organic counterion derived from at least one acidic organic compound selected from the group consisting of those with an approximate pKa value relative to water of at least about 3.
摘要:
Disclosed are oxynitride and oxide phosphor compositions having various formulations. Also disclosed are phosphor blends of the above phosphors and one or more additional phosphors and light emitting devices incorporating the same. The phosphors and their blends can be used in saturated color light sources (e.g. traffic signals), as well as white light sources for general illumination purposes.
摘要:
A method for recovering and reusing a ring-halogenation catalyst comprises: (A) contacting an aromatic compound with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a catalyst composition, where the catalyst composition comprises at least one salt comprising a Group 4-13 metal, a lanthanide metal, or an actinide metal; and at least one organic counterion derived from an organic acid having a pKa relative to water of 0 or greater; and at least one organic sulfur compound; to form a first product mixture comprising a monochloro or a monobromo aromatic compound and a Group 4-13 metal halide, a lanthanide metal halide or an actinide metal halide; (B) separating the metal halide from the first product mixture; and (C) contacting at least a portion of the metal halide and an aromatic compound with chlorine or bromine, and at least one organic sulfur compound; to form a second product mixture comprising a monochloro or a monobromo aromatic compound and a Group 4-13 metal halide, a lanthanide metal halide or an actinide metal halide.ving a pKa relative to water of 0 or greater; and at least one organic sulfur compound.
摘要:
A catalyst system for the reduction of NOx comprises a catalyst comprising a metal oxide catalyst support, a catalytic metal oxide comprising at least one of gallium oxide or silver oxide, and at least one promoting metal selected from the group consisting of silver, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, indium, bismuth and mixtures thereof. The catalyst system further comprises a gas stream comprising an organic reductant, and a compound comprising sulfur. A method for reducing NOx utilizing the said catalyst system is also provided.
摘要:
A reductant producing apparatus and method is provided, the apparatus includes a catalyst attached to an encasement. The encasement has a first and second intake formed therein that are fluidly coupled to the catalyst. The first intake configured to allow entry of a hydrocarbon fuel into the encasement. The second intake is configured to allow entry of oxygen into the encasement. The catalyst is configured to catalyze an autothermal reaction to convert a mixture into a plurality of reductants comprising a plurality of hydrocarbons having a hydrocarbon chain length that is less than a hydrocarbon chain length of hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon fuel. The mixture comprises the hydrocarbon fuel and the oxygen, and the mixture has a carbon-to-oxygen ratio that is greater than a one-to-one ratio.
摘要:
A method comprising forming a slurry comprising a first catalyst composition, a second catalyst composition, and a solvent, wherein the first catalyst composition comprises a zeolite and the second catalyst composition comprises a second catalytic metal disposed upon a porous inorganic support; washcoating the slurry onto a substrate; and calcining the washcoated substrate.
摘要:
Disclosed herein is a catalytic composition comprising a first catalyst composition portion that comprises a zeolite; and a second catalyst composition portion that comprises a catalytic metal disposed upon a porous inorganic substrate; the first catalyst composition portion and the second catalyst composition portion being in an intimate mixture. Disclosed herein is a method, comprising mixing a first catalyst composition portion with the second catalyst composition portion to form a catalytic composition; the first catalyst composition portion comprising a zeolite and the second catalyst composition portion comprising a metal disposed upon a porous substrate.
摘要:
A catalyst system for the reduction of NOx. is provided. The system comprises a catalyst in a first zone comprising a catalyst support, a catalytic metal comprising gallium, and at least one promoting metal selected from the group consisting of silver, gold, vanadium, zinc, tin, bismuth, cobalt, molybdenum, tungsten, indium and mixtures thereof; a catalyst in the second zone comprising a second catalyst support, a second catalytic metal selected from the group consisting of indium, copper, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum, titanium, vanadium, iron, cerium and mixtures thereof The catalyst system further comprises a gas stream comprising an organic reductant. The catalyst system may further comprise a catalyst in a third zone; the catalyst comprising a third catalyst support and a third catalytic metal selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, and mixtures thereof. A method for reducing NOx utilizing the catalyst system is also provided.
摘要:
Systems and methods of removing at least nitrogen oxides from an exhaust fluid generally include introducing a first reducing agent and a hydrogen gas co-reductant agent into the exhaust fluid upstream of a catalyst bed optimized for a hydrocarbon selective catalytic reduction process to reduce nitrogen oxides present in the exhaust fluid and then reacting residual nitrogen oxides in a second catalytic bed optimized for an ammonia selective catalytic reduction process. The use of hydrogen gas permits efficient reduction of nitrogen oxides over a wide temperature range, which is minimally affected by the presence of sulfur dioxide in the exhaust fluid.
摘要:
A method of removing at least nitrogen oxides from an exhaust gas comprises producing reducing agents including at least hydrogen gas upstream of a conversion catalyst; diverting a portion of the exhaust gas to a location upstream of the conversion catalyst; reacting the reducing agents with nitrogen oxides present in the portion of the exhaust gas to produce a nitrogen-containing compound reducing agent using the conversion catalyst; introducing the nitrogen-containing compound reducing agent upstream of a SCR catalyst; mixing the nitrogen-containing compound reducing agent with a second portion of the exhaust gas upstream of the SCR catalyst; and reacting the nitrogen-containing compound reducing agent with nitrogen oxides present in the second portion of the exhaust gas at the SCR catalyst.