公开(公告)号：US5234469A

公开(公告)日：1993-08-10

申请号：US722819

申请日：1991-06-28

Applicant: Motasimur R. Khan ,  Matthew A. McMahon ,  Christine C. Albert ,  Ronald J. McKeon ,  Stephen J. DeCanio

Inventor： Motasimur R. Khan ,  Matthew A. McMahon ,  Christine C. Albert ,  Ronald J. McKeon ,  Stephen J. DeCanio

IPC: C02F11/10 ,  C02F11/12 ,  C02F11/18 ,  C10J3/46 ,  C10L5/46

CPC classification number: C10L5/46 ,  C02F11/10 ,  C02F11/12 ,  C02F11/18 ,  C10J3/466 ,  C10K1/004 ,  C10K1/005 ,  C10K1/08 ,  C10J2300/0906 ,  C10J2300/0923 ,  C10J2300/1223 ,  C10J2300/169 ,  C10J2300/1846 ,  Y02E50/10 ,  Y02E50/30 ,  Y02E50/32 ,  Y02W10/40 ,  Y10S48/07

Abstract: A process for disposing of sewage sludge comprising the steps of, (1) dewatering the sewage sludge to produce an aqueous slurry of sewage sludge having a solids content of about 10 to 50 wt. %; (2) heating and mildly shearing said dewatered sewage sludge at about 150.degree. F. to 210.degree. F. in the absence of air for 3 seconds to 60 minutes by a rotor/mixer at a speed of about 15 to 1000 r.p.m., thereby producing a pumpable slurry having a viscosity of less than about 2500 centipoise; (3) mixing at a temperature in the range of about ambient to 200.degree. F. the slurry of sewage sludge from (2) with a supplemental fuel to produce a pumpable slurry of sewage sludge and supplemental fuel having a solids content in the range of about 50 to 65 wt. % and a higher heating value in the range of about 6,000 to 18,000 BTU/LB; and (4) burning said pumpable slurry from (3) in a partial oxidation gasifier, furnace, boiler, or incinerator to produce an effluent gas stream. In a preferred embodiment, the effluent gas stream is cleaned and purified and non-contaminating ash and slag are separated. By this process, noxious sewage sludge may be disposed of without contaminating the environment.

Abstract translation: 一种处理污水污泥的方法，包括以下步骤：（1）将污水污泥脱水以产生固体含量为约10至50重量％的污水污泥的含水浆料。 ％; （2）通过转子/混合器以大约15至1000rpm的速度在没有空气的情况下，在约150°F至210°F的温度下加热和温和地剪切所述脱水污水污泥3秒至60分钟，由此产生 具有小于约2500厘泊的粘度的可泵送浆料; （3）在约环境温度至200°F的温度范围内混合来自（2）的污水污泥与补充燃料的浆料，以产生污泥和可补充的燃料，其中固体含量范围为 约50至65wt。 在约6,000至18,000BTU / LB的范围内具有较高的热值; 和（4）在部分氧化气化器，炉，锅炉或焚烧炉中将来自（3）的可泵送浆料燃烧以产生流出气流。 在一个优选的实施方案中，将废气流清洁和净化，并且将非污染灰和渣分离。 通过这个过程，可以处理有害污水污泥而不污染环境。

公开(公告)号：US5087271A

公开(公告)日：1992-02-11

申请号：US615551

申请日：1990-11-19

Applicant: Robert J. Stellaccio ,  Michael M. Dach

Inventor： Robert J. Stellaccio ,  Michael M. Dach

IPC: C10J3/46

CPC classification number: C10J3/723 ,  C10J3/46 ,  C10J3/466 ,  C10J2300/0959 ,  C10J2300/1846 ,  Y10S48/10

Abstract: This process pertains to a achieving high on-stream time and maintaining the temperature and composition of the raw effluent gas stream from a partial oxidation gas generator being fed simultaneously with a stream of gaseous fuel and separate stream of liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel. Two parallel oxygen streams equipped with flow transmitters and control valves are used to supply the oxygen associated with two separate and different fuel streams. Each stream of oxygen is controlled by an O.sub.2 /fuel ratio control so that if the flow rate of either stream of fuel or its related oxygen stream changes, the oxygen/carbon atomic ratio of the remaining O.sub.2 and fuel stream in the gasifier is maintained at a desired value. Further, if either fuel flow is stopped, its associated O.sub.2 flow will stop, but the remaining fuel stream and its associated O.sub.2 stream will continue to flow at the same rate with no change in the oxygen/fuel weight ratio. Complete shut down of the unit is thereby avoided. The quick raising of reactor temperatures to unsafe levels due to excess oxygen that occurs when one of the fuel streams is lost is thereby prevented.

Abstract translation: 该过程涉及实现高的流动时间并且保持来自部分氧化气体发生器的原料流出物气体的温度和组成与气态燃料流和单独的液体烃类燃料流同时进料。 配备有流量变送器和控制阀的两个平行的氧气流被用来供应与两个分离和不同燃料流相关联的氧气。 每个氧气流由O 2 /燃料比控制控制，使得如果燃料流或其相关氧气流的流量改变，则气化器中剩余的O 2和燃料流的氧/碳原子比保持在 一个所需的值。 此外，如果停止任一燃料流，则其相关联的O 2流将停止，但是剩余的燃料流及其相关联的O 2流将以相同的速率继续流动，而氧/燃料重量比没有变化。 从而避免了完全关闭设备。 因此防止了由于在其中一个燃料流流失时发生的过量的氧而将反应器温度迅速提高到不安全的水平。

公开(公告)号：US4971600A

公开(公告)日：1990-11-20

申请号：US339236

申请日：1989-04-14

Applicant: Hans-Richard Baumann ,  Adolf Linke ,  Hans-Reiner Schweimanns ,  Karl-Heinz Dutz

Inventor： Hans-Richard Baumann ,  Adolf Linke ,  Hans-Reiner Schweimanns ,  Karl-Heinz Dutz

IPC: C10J3/48

CPC classification number: C10J3/506 ,  C10J3/466 ,  C10J2300/1223 ,  Y10S48/04

Abstract: An arrangement for gasification of fuels within the range from fine grain fuel to dust shaped fuels, in a dust cloud with gas comprises a gasification reactor provided with at least two burners, a supply container for accommodating a fuel, a distributor connected to the supply container for receiving the fuel from the supply container, and a plurality of conduits connected with the distributor and supplying the fuel from the latter to the burners, the conduits having a different geometrical parameter including at least one of a length and a direction.

Abstract translation: 在气体的灰尘云中，从细粒燃料到粉尘形状的燃料的范围内的燃料的气化装置包括设置有至少两个燃烧器的气化反应器，用于容纳燃料的供应容器，连接到供应容器的分配器 用于从供应容器接收燃料，以及与分配器连接并将燃料从燃料供给到燃料器的多个管道，该管道具有包括长度和方向中的至少一个的不同几何参数。

公开(公告)号：US4959080A

公开(公告)日：1990-09-25

申请号：US372806

申请日：1989-06-29

Applicant: Charles V. Sternling

Inventor： Charles V. Sternling

IPC: C10J3/48 ,  C10J3/74

CPC classification number: C10J3/466 ,  C10J3/74 ,  C10K1/00 ,  C10K1/026 ,  C10K1/04 ,  C10J2300/0909 ,  C10J2300/093 ,  C10J2300/1693 ,  Y10S48/02

Abstract: A process and reaction for the gasification of coal disclosed, the invention being characterized by the provision in each of a plurality of layers of slag coalescing materials on the inner liner of the reactor to provide a protective coating on the wall or walls of the reactor.

公开(公告)号：US4952380A

公开(公告)日：1990-08-28

申请号：US179931

申请日：1988-04-11

Applicant: Mitri Salim Najjar ,  Roger J. Corbeels

Inventor： Mitri Salim Najjar ,  Roger J. Corbeels

IPC: C01B3/38 ,  C01B17/06 ,  C10J3/46

CPC classification number: C10J3/463 ,  C01B17/06 ,  C01B3/386 ,  C10J3/466 ,  C10J3/74 ,  C01B2203/0255 ,  C01B2203/0415 ,  C01B2203/045 ,  C01B2203/0465 ,  C01B2203/0485 ,  C01B2203/0877 ,  C01B2203/0883 ,  C01B2203/0894 ,  C01B2203/127 ,  C01B2203/146 ,  C01B2203/148 ,  C10J2300/0983 ,  C10J2300/1846

Abstract: Synthesis gas is produced by the partial oxidation of a high silicon and sulfur-containing heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel and/or petroleum coke having a nickel and vanadium-containing ash that includes calcium and sodium, in a mixture with an iron and/or copper containing additive in a vertical free-flow reaction zone lined with refractory A or a combination of refractory A and refractory B. Refractory A lining of the reaction zone comprises in wt %: Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 about 20 to 82, MgO about 5.0 to 45, Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 about 0 to 10.5 Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 about 0 to 6.2, CaO about 0 to 1.0, SiO.sub.2 about 0 to 2.5, and others about 0 to 1.3. Refractory B comprises in wt. %: Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3 about 0 to 40, MgO about 20 to 85, Fe.sub.2 O.sub.3 about 0 to 16, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 about 0 to 9.0, SiO.sub.2 about 0 to 2.7, and others about 0 to 1.1. In the reaction zone separate portions of said Fe and/or Cu containing additive: (1) combine with portions of said Fe, Ni, and S to generate a liquid phase washing agent; (ii) combine with a portion of refractory components, and V, Fe, Ni and Al to form high melting spinel and oxide lath phases which are washed by said liquid phase washing agent; and (iii) combine with a portion of said Ni, Ca, Si, Al, Mg and Na to generate a liquid oxide silicate phase that fluxes substantially all of the remaining vanadium and other ash components.

Abstract translation: 合成气是通过含有含铁和/或铜的混合物中含有含钙和钠的含镍和含钒灰分的高含硅和含硫重液体含烃燃料和/或石油焦的部分氧化产生的， 在耐火材料A或耐火材料A和耐火材料B的组合的垂直自由流动反应区中的添加剂。耐火材料反应区的衬里包含重量％：Cr 2 O 3约20至82，MgO约5.0至45，Fe 2 O 3约0 至约10-6.0的Al2O3，约0至1.0的CaO，约0至2.5的SiO 2，约0至1.3的SiO 2。 耐火材料B以重量计。 ％：Cr 2 O 3约0至40，MgO约20至85，Fe 2 O 3约0至16，Al 2 O 3约0至9.0，SiO 2约0至2.7，而其它约0至1.1。 在反应区中，所述含Fe和/或含Cu添加剂的分离部分：（1）与所述Fe，Ni和S的一部分组合以产生液相清洗剂; （ii）与一部分难熔组分和V，Fe，Ni和Al组合以形成由所述液相清洗剂洗涤的高熔点尖晶石和氧化物板条相; 和（iii）与所述Ni，Ca，Si，Al，Mg和Na的一部分组合以产生基本上剩余的所有剩余的钒和其它灰分组分的液体氧化物硅酸盐相。

公开(公告)号：US4909958A

公开(公告)日：1990-03-20

申请号：US331725

申请日：1989-04-03

Applicant: Mitri S. Najjar

Inventor： Mitri S. Najjar

IPC: C10J3/46

CPC classification number: C10J3/463 ,  C10J3/466 ,  C10K1/101 ,  C10K1/18 ,  C10J2300/0983 ,  C10J2300/1846

Abstract: A sulfur-containing heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel and/or solid carbonaceous fuel with a nickel, vanadium, and silicon containing ash is mixed with a silicon-containing material, and a copper and/or cobalt-containing material. The mixture is reacted by partial oxidation in a down-flowing free-flow unobstructed vertical reaction zone with refractory lined walls at a temperature in the range of about 1800.degree. F. to 2900.degree. F. A raw effluent gas stream is produced comprising H.sub.2 +CO and containing entrained slag comprising the following phases: (i) an alloy phase selected from the group consisting fo Cu-Ni, Co-Ni, Cu-Fe, and mixtures thereof; (ii) a silicate phase selected from the group consisting of copper silicate, cobalt silicate, and mixtures thereof; (iii) a spinel phase; and (iv) a fluid oxysulfide phase comprising at least one sulfide from the group consisting of Cu, Co, Fe, and mixtures thereof. There is a reduction in the mole ratio H.sub.2 S+COS/H.sub.2 +CO in the raw effluent gas steam. Non-gaseous materials e.g. slag containing substantially no Ni.sub.3 S.sub.2 are separated from the hot raw effluent gas stream from the gasifier.

Abstract translation: 将具有镍，钒和含硅灰分的含硫重质液体烃类燃料和/或固体碳质燃料与含硅材料以及含铜和/或钴的材料混合。 在约1800°F至2900°F的温度范围内，在具有耐火衬里壁的下流自由流动的无障碍垂直反应区中，通过部分氧化使混合物反应。生成包含H 2 + CO，并含有夹带的炉渣，其包括以下相：（i）选自Cu-Ni，Co-Ni，Cu-Fe及其混合物的合金相; （ii）选自硅酸铜，硅酸钴及其混合物的硅酸盐相; （iii）尖晶石相; 和（iv）包含由Cu，Co，Fe及其混合物组成的组中的至少一种硫化物的流体氧硫化物相。 原始排出气体蒸汽中的H2S + COS / H2 + CO的摩尔比有降低的趋势。 非气体材料 基本上不含Ni3S2的炉渣与来自气化器的热的原料流出物气流分离。

公开(公告)号：US4889699A

公开(公告)日：1989-12-26

申请号：US208933

申请日：1988-06-20

Applicant: Mitri S. Najjar ,  Michael W. Becker

Inventor： Mitri S. Najjar ,  Michael W. Becker

IPC: C01B3/38 ,  C10J3/46

CPC classification number: C10J3/463 ,  C01B3/386 ,  C10J3/466 ,  C01B2203/0255 ,  C01B2203/0415 ,  C01B2203/0465 ,  C01B2203/0485 ,  C01B2203/0877 ,  C01B2203/1247 ,  C01B2203/1258 ,  C01B2203/1276 ,  C01B2203/145 ,  C01B2203/148 ,  C10J2300/0983

Abstract: Synthesis gas is produced by the partial oxidation of a feedstock comprising sulfur and ash-containing heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuels, solid carbonaceous fuels, or mixtures thereof. An iron-containing additive is introduced into the reaction zone along with the feed to produce first and second liquid phase washing agents that collect and transport the vanadium-containing oxide laths and spinels and other ash components out of the reaction zone. A gaseous slag fludizing agent is also introduced into the top of the reaction zone so tha the gasifier is operated at a uniform temperature throughout under conditions that maximize the fluidity of the molten slag over the full opereating temperature range in the gasifier. Equilibrium oxygen and sulfur concentrations are provided in the gas phase in the reaction zone which provide specific partial pressures. By this method substantially all of the molten slag having a reduced viscosity and containing the nickel and vanadium-containing impurities from the feedstock are readily removed from the walls of the gas generator at a lower temperature. Simultaneously, in-situ desulfurization of the feedstock takes place in the gasifier so that the raw effluent product gas may leave the gasifier containing less than about 1.00 mole % of H.sub. 2 S and COS. In one embodiment, an additional supplemental gas e.g. free-oxygen, H.sub.2 S, COS, SO.sub.2, and mixtures thereof may be introduced into the gasifier so as to increase the carbon conversion without increasing the temperature in the reaction zone; or to prevent the formation of free-iron.

Abstract translation: 通过包含硫和含灰分的重液体含烃燃料，固体碳质燃料或其混合物的原料的部分氧化来生产合成气。 将含铁添加剂与进料一起引入反应区，以产生第一和第二液相洗涤剂，其将含钒氧化物板条和尖晶石和其它灰分组分收集并输送出反应区。 气态渣渣剂也被引入反应区的顶部，因此气化器在气化器中在整个运行温度范围内最大限度地提高熔渣流动性的条件下，在均匀的温度下运行。 在提供特定分压的反应区中的气相中提供平衡的氧和硫浓度。 通过这种方法，在较低温度下，基本上所有具有降低粘度并且含有来自原料的含有镍和钒的杂质的熔渣容易从气体发生器的壁中除去。 同时，在气化器中进行原料的原位脱硫，使得原始流出物产物气体可能离开含有小于约1.00摩尔％的H 2 S和COS的气化器。 可以将游离氧，H 2 S，COS，SO 2及其混合物引入气化器中，以增加碳转化率而不增加反应区中的温度; 或防止形成游离铁。

公开(公告)号：US4889658A

公开(公告)日：1989-12-26

申请号：US208929

申请日：1988-06-20

Applicant: Mitri S. Najjar

Inventor： Mitri S. Najjar

IPC: B01J23/755 ,  C01B3/36 ,  C01B3/38 ,  C01B32/40 ,  C10J3/46

CPC classification number: C01B3/386 ,  B01J23/755 ,  C01B3/363 ,  C10J3/466 ,  C01B2203/0255 ,  C01B2203/0415 ,  C01B2203/0465 ,  C01B2203/0485 ,  C01B2203/0877 ,  C01B2203/1247 ,  C01B2203/1258 ,  C01B2203/1276 ,  C01B2203/145 ,  C01B2203/148 ,  C10J2300/0983 ,  Y02P20/52

Abstract: Synthesis gas is produced by the partial oxidation of a feedstock comprising a high silicon and sulfur-containing heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel and/or petroleum coke or tar sands having nickel and vanadium-containing ashes in admixture with a silicon and manganese-containing ash fusion temperature modifying agent in a vertical free-flow unobstructed reaction zone lined with a refractory which comprises in wt. %: silicon-containing material about 95 to 99.8, iron oxide about 0.1 to 1.0, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 about 0.1 to 1.0, CaO about 0 to 0.4, and others about 0 to 1.2. In the reaction zone separate portions of said silicon and manganese-containing additive (i) combine with a portion of said Fe, Ni, and S to generate a first liquid phase washing agent which washes a portion of the high melting vanadium and oxide phases from the reaction zone, (ii) combine with a portion of said Ni, Ca, Si, Al, Mg and Na and/or K to generate a liquid oxide-silicate phase that fluxes and washes substantially all of the remaining vanadium and other ash components, and (iii) combine with a portion of the molten ash from the fuel and a minor portion of the refractory lining said reaction zone to increase the amount of said liquid oxide silicate phase and thereby enhance the removal of the vanadium from said reaction zone. By this method molten slag having a reduced viscosity and containing the nickel and vanadium-containing impurities from the feedstock and refractory components are readily removed from the gas generator.

Abstract translation: 合成气通过含有高含硅和含硫的重质液体烃类燃料和/或具有含镍和含钒灰分的石油焦或焦油砂的原料的部分氧化产生，其中含有含硅和含锰灰分熔融温度 在耐火材料内衬的垂直自由流动无障碍反应区中的改性剂，其含量以重量计。 ％：含硅材料约95〜99.8，氧化铁约0.1〜1.0，Al2O3约0.1〜1.0，CaO约0〜0.4，其他约0〜1.2。 在反应区中，所述含硅和含锰添加剂的分离部分（i）与所述Fe，Ni和S的一部分组合以产生第一液相洗涤剂，其将一部分高熔点钒和氧化物相从 反应区，（ii）与所述Ni，Ca，Si，Al，Mg和Na和/或K的一部分组合以产生液体氧化物 - 硅酸盐相，其基本上全部剩余的钒和其它灰分组分 ，和（iii）与来自燃料的熔融灰分的一部分和所述反应区的耐火衬里的一小部分结合，以增加所述液体氧化硅酸盐相的量，从而增强从所述反应区除去钒。 通过这种方法，具有降低的粘度并且含有来自原料和难熔组分的含镍和钒的杂质的熔渣容易从气体发生器中除去。

公开(公告)号：US4889657A

公开(公告)日：1989-12-26

申请号：US288213

申请日：1988-12-22

Applicant: Frederick C. Jahnke

Inventor： Frederick C. Jahnke

IPC: C01B3/36 ,  C10J3/46

CPC classification number: C10K1/02 ,  C01B3/36 ,  C10J3/466 ,  C10J2300/1603 ,  C10J2300/1884

Abstract: The hot effluent gas stream comprising H.sub.2 +CO and entrained molten slag and ash from the partial oxidation of an ash-containing heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel, an ash-containing solid carbonaceous fuel, or mixtures thereof is passed in succession through a radiant cooling zone, a metal gas transfer line with internal metal heat transfer surfaces, and a convection cooling zone. By maintaining the internal metal heat transfer surfaces of the gas transfer line where turbulent flow of gas stream occurs at a temperature in the range of about 150.degree. F. to below 700.degree. F. by noncontact heat exchange with a coolant, substantially no molten slag or ash sticks to the metal heat transfer surfaces on the inside of the gas transfer line. Simultaneously, where laminar flow fo the gas stream within the gas transfer line occurs, slag and ash entrained in the gas stream is prevented from sticking to the inside metal heat transfer surfaces of the gas transfer line by maintaining the temperature of said inside surfaces in the range of about 700.degree. F. to 1,200.degree. F. by noncontact heat exchange with a coolant.

Abstract translation: 包含H 2 + CO的热流出气流和来自含灰分重质液体烃类燃料，含灰分的固体碳质燃料或其混合物的部分氧化的夹带的熔渣和灰分连续通过辐射冷却区， 具有内部金属传热表面的金属气体输送管线和对流冷却区域。 通过保持气体输送管线的内部金属传热表面，其中气流的湍流在约150°F至低于700°F的温度范围内发生，通过与冷却剂的非接触热交换，基本上没有熔渣 或灰渣粘附到气体输送管线内部的金属传热表面。 同时，当气体输送管线内的气流发生层流时，通过将所述内表面的温度保持在气体输送管线的内部金属传热表面，防止气流中夹带的炉渣和灰渣粘附到气体输送管线的内部金属传热表面 通过与冷却剂的非接触热交换而在约700°F至1200°F的范围内。

公开(公告)号：US4851152A

公开(公告)日：1989-07-25

申请号：US242588

申请日：1988-09-12

Applicant: Mitri S. Najjar

Inventor： Mitri S. Najjar

IPC: C01B17/06 ,  C10J3/46

CPC classification number: C01B17/06 ,  C10J3/466 ,  C10K1/16 ,  C01B2203/0255 ,  C01B2203/0415 ,  C01B2203/045 ,  C01B2203/0485 ,  C01B2203/0877 ,  C01B2203/0883 ,  C01B2203/0894 ,  C01B2203/127 ,  C01B2203/148 ,  C10J2300/0959 ,  C10J2300/0983 ,  C10J2300/1223 ,  C10J2300/1846

Abstract: A sulfur-containing heavy liquid hydrocarbonaceous fuel and/or solid carbonaceous fuel with nickel, vanadium, and silicon containing ashes is mixed with a copper and/or cobalt-containing material to provide a weight ratio of copper and/or cobalt to nickel in the range of about 0.2 to 10; and the weight ratio of copper and/or cobalt to silicon in said mixture is in the range of about 0.0001 to 0.04. The mixture is reacted by partial oxidation in a down-flowing free-flow unobstructed vertical reaction zone with refractory lined walls at a temperature in the range of about 1800.degree. F. to 2900.degree. F., an equilibrium oxygen concentration in the gas phase in the reaction zone with a partial pressure in the range of about 1.7.times.10.sup.-15 to 2.3.times.10.sup.-8 atmospheres; and an equilibrium sulfur concentration in the gas phase in the reaction zone with a partial pressure in the range of about 2.53.times.10.sup.-7 to 8.1.times.10.sup.-2 atmospheres. A raw effluent gas stream is produced comprising H.sub.2 +CO and containing entrained slag comprising the following phases: (i) Cu-Ni or Co-Ni alloy, (ii) copper silicate and/or cobalt silicate, (iii) a spinel phase, and (iv) about 0 to 5 wt. % of a fluid oxysulfide phase. Substantially no toxic Ni.sub.3 S.sub.2 is produced in the slag.

Abstract translation: 含有镍，钒和含硅灰分的含硫重质液体含烃燃料和/或固体碳质燃料与铜和/或钴的材料混合，以提供铜和/或钴与镍的重量比 范围约0.2〜10; 所述混合物中铜和/或钴与硅的重量比在约0.0001至0.04的范围内。 在约1800°F至2900°F的温度范围内，在具有耐火内衬壁的下流自由流无障碍垂直反应区中，通过部分氧化使混合物反应，气相中的平衡氧浓度 反应区的分压在约1.7×10-15至2.3×10-8大气压的范围内; 和反应区气相中的平衡硫浓度，其分压在约2.53×10-7至8.1×10-2大气压的范围内。 生产包含H 2 + CO并含有夹带炉渣的原料流出物流，其包含以下相：（i）Cu-Ni或Co-Ni合金，（ii）硅酸铜和/或硅酸钴，（iii）尖晶石相， 和（iv）约0至5wt。 ％的流体硫氧化物相。 在渣中基本上没有产生有毒的Ni3S2。