摘要:
A system for energy upconversion and/or down conversion and a system for producing a photostimulated reaction in a medium. These systems include 1) a nanoparticle configured, upon exposure to a first wavelength λ1 of radiation, to generate a second wavelength λ2 of radiation having a higher energy than the first wavelength λ1 and 2) a metallic structure disposed in relation to the nanoparticle. A physical characteristic of the metallic structure is set to a value where a surface plasmon resonance in the metallic structure resonates at a frequency which provides a spectral overlap with either the first wavelength λ1 or the second wavelength λ2, or with both λ1 and λ2. The system for producing a photostimulated reaction in a medium includes a receptor disposed in the medium in proximity to the nanoparticle which, upon activation by the second wavelength λ2, generates the photostimulated reaction.
摘要:
A multiple-faced optical device comprising a light-responsive element having multiple faces, at least two of the faces constituting input faces for receipt of non-collinear light signals and at least one of the faces other than the input faces constituting an output face from which light signals transmitted through the light-responsive element are emitted. The light-responsive element is further configured to have optically-induced non-linear susceptibility to light signals transversely propagated through the light-responsive element such that at least one portion of the light-responsive element switches between two stable optical states in dependence on the total intensity of the light signals within the light-responsive element. The above-described optical device can be configured to perform various operations, such as AND/OR and INVERT/PASS logic operations, data line branching, signal time delay, and memory storage. An array of such devices provides parallel logic processing on a plurality of parallel optical data paths.
摘要:
This invention relates to the immobilization of toxic, e.g., radioactive materials, internally in a silicate glass or silica gel matrix for extremely long periods of time. Toxic materials, such as radioactive wastes containing radioactive anions, and in some cases cations, which may be in the form of liquids, or solids dissolved or dispersed in liquids or gases, are internally incorporated into a glass matrix, having hydrous organofunctionalsiloxy groups, e.g., hydrous aminoalkylsiloxy or carboxyorganosiloxy, bonded to silicon atoms of said glass and/or hydrous polyvalent metals bonded to silicon atoms of said glass through divalent oxygen linkages or otherwise immobilized therein, by a process which involves the ion exchange of said toxic, radioactive anions with hydroxyl groups attached to said organofunctionalsiloxy groups or with hydroxyl groups attached to the hydrous polyvalent metal. Thereafter, the resulting glass now characterized by a distribution of internally bonded or immobilized, toxic, radioactive anions can be packaged in suitable containers, and disposed of as by burial, and/or they can be sintered to collapse the pores thereof to disposal or for producing useful radiation sources. The porous glass or a porous silica gel having said silicon-bonded organofunctionalsiloxy groups and/or said hydrous polyvalent metal oxy groups, the pores of said glass or silica gel remaining open and uncollapsed, can be used advantageously as a backfill for an underground radioactive waste burial site and as overpack in the waste disposal container. Also included is a novel method for bonding the polyvalent metal to the porous silica glass or gel by substituting the protons of the silicon-bonded hydroxyl groups thereof with an alkali metal or ammonium cation followed by displacement of said cation with the non-radioactive polyvalent metal cation.
摘要:
This invention relates to radioactive materials which are fixed, stored, entrapped, encapsulated, or otherwise rendered immobile in a glass matrix for extremely long periods of time. Radioactive material such as radioactive wastes are incorporated into a glass matrix by a process of "molecular stuffing" a porous glass either with a radioactive gas which is tapered in the porous glass by dissolution during sintering of the pores of the glass, or with a salt solution containing radioactive material such as CsNO.sub.3, Sr(NO.sub.3), etc., or with a combination of both salt solution and radioactive gas, followed by drying and sintering of the pores of the glass whereby these radioactive materials upon chemical change to their oxides, excepting of course the noble gases which remain in molecular form, become a part of the integrated glass structure.The resulting glass article may have the radioactive material dispersed essentially homogeneously throughout the glass article, or there may be a layer free of such radioactive waste material over the entire surface of the glass article. In either case such glass articles demonstrate an extremely slow diffusion of the encapsulated radioactive material to the surrounding area.
摘要:
This invention relates to the immobilization of toxic, e.g., radioactive materials, internally in a silicate glass or silica gel matrix for extremely long periods of time. Toxic materials, such as radioactive wastes containing radioactive anions, and in some cases cations, which may be in the form of liquids, or solids dissolved or dispersed in liquids or gases, are internally incorporated into a glass matrix, having hydrous organofunctionalsiloxy groups, e.g., hydrous aminoalkylsiloxy or carboxyorganosiloxy, bonded to silicon atoms of said glass and/or hydrous polyvalent metals bonded to silicon atoms of said glass through divalent oxygen linkages or otherwise immobilized therein, by a process which involves the ion exchange of said toxic, radioactive anions with hydroxyl groups attached to said organofunctionalsiloxy groups or with hydroxyl groups attached to the hydrous polyvalent metal. Thereafter, the resulting glass now characterized by a distribution of internally bonded or immobilized, toxic, radioactive anions can be packaged in suitable containers, and disposed of as by burial, and/or they can be sintered to collapse the pores thereof prior to disposal or for producing useful radiation sources. The porous glass or a porous silica gel having said silicon-bonded organofunctionalsiloxy groups and/or said hydrous polyvalent metal oxy groups, the pores of said glass or silica gel remaining open and uncollapsed, can be used advantageously as a backfill for an underground radioactive waste burial site and as overpack in the waste disposal container. Also included is a novel method for bonding the polyvalent metal to the porous silica glass or gel by substituting the protons of the silicon-bonded hydroxyl groups thereof with an alkali metal or ammonium cation followed by displacement of said cation with the non-radioactive polyvalent metal cation.
摘要:
A method of producing a glass article having a graded refractive index profile of a parabolic nature is disclosed. The method comprises soaking a preform having a porous matrix with interconnected pores into a stuffing solution containing at least one index modifying dopant of predetermined solubility in the stuffing solution for a time interval to fill the pores with the dopant solution, precipitating the dopant into the porous matrix approximately uniformly throughout, soaking the preform into a solvent solution having a solubility for the dopant lower than the solubility of the dopant in the stuffing solution for a time interval sufficient to cause substantially all of the dopant to redissolve and for diffusion to take place out of the porous matrix in such a way that the dopant concentration decreases as a function of radial distance from the central axis, precipitating the dopant in the porous matrix by reducing the temperature of the preform to a level such that the dopant is precipitated out of solution, removing the solvent and where necessary decomposition products from the preform, and heating to consolidate the preform to produce a glass article having a graded refractive index profile of the parabolic nature.
摘要:
A glass composition having at least 85 mole percent of SiO.sub.2, where the improvement comprises at least 7 wt percent of at least one member selected from the group consisting of PbO and Bi.sub.2 O.sub.3 and at least 1.5 mole percent of at least one member selected from the group consisting of K.sub.2 O, Rb.sub.2 O and Cs.sub.2 O.
摘要翻译:一种玻璃组合物,其具有至少85摩尔%的SiO 2,其中改进包括至少7重量%的选自PbO和Bi 2 O 3中的至少一种,和至少1.5摩尔%的选自组中的至少一种 由K2O,Rb2O和Cs2O组成。
摘要:
This invention relates to the immobilization of toxic, e.g., radioactive, materials in a silicate glass or silica gel matrix for extremely long periods of time. Toxic materials, such as radioactive wastes containing radioactive cations, which may be in the form of liquids, or solids dissolved or dispersed in liquids or gases, are incorporated into a glass or silica gel matrix, having alkali metal, Group Ib metal and/or ammonium cations bonded to silicon atoms of said glass or silica gel through divalent oxygen linkages, by a process which involves the ion exchange of said toxic or radioactive cations with said alkali metal, Group Ib metal and/or ammonium cations to bind said toxic or radioactive cations to silicon atoms of said glass or silica gel through said silicon-bonded divalent oxygen linkages. Thereafter, the resulting glass or silica gel now characterized by toxic or radioactive cations bonded to silicon atoms through divalent oxygen linkages can be stored, or packaged in suitable containers, or disposed of as by burial, and/or sintered to collapse the pores thereof.
摘要:
This invention relates to radioactive materials which are fixed, stored, entrapped, encapsulated, or otherwise rendered immobile in a glass matrix for extremely long periods of time. Radioactive material such as radioactive wastes are incorporated into a glass matrix by a process of "molecular stuffing" a porous glass either with a radioactive gas which is trapped in the porous glass by dissolution during sintering of the pores of the glass, or with a salt solution containing radioactive material such as CsNO.sub.3, Sr(NO.sub.3), etc., or with a combination of both salt solution and radioactive gas, followed by drying and sintering of the pores of the glass whereby these radioactive materials upon chemical change to their oxides, excepting of course the noble gases which remain in molecular form, become a part of the integrated glass structure.The resulting glass article may have the radioactive material dispersed essentially homogeneously throughout the glass article, or there may be a layer free of such radioactive waste material over the entire surface of the glass article. In either case such glass articles demonstrate an extremely slow diffusion of the encapsulated radioactive material to the surrounding area.
摘要:
The present invention relates to a dye laser comprising a highly porous, consolidated silica sol-gel monolith having incorporated therein at least one laser dye, wherein said dye laser is substantially solvent free. The dye laser is prepared by immersing a highly porous, consolidated silica sol-gel monolith in a solution of at least one laser dye and at least one solvent until the solution enters the pores of the monolith to a significant degree to form an impregnated silica sol-gel monolith, and then drying the impregnated silica sol-gel monolith to vaporize substantially all the solvent present within the pores of the monolith.