摘要:
A method for increasing the effectiveness of ozone as a treating agent for alkaline cooling tower waters. This is accomplished by reducing pH of the solutions in contactor loops which supply ozone to cooling tower waters with an acidic substance.
摘要:
The invention comprises adding bromide to a cooling water system containing corrosion and scale control treatment chemicals at elevated concentrations (40 ppm or greater). A fraction of the recirculating water is drawn off in a side stream and ozonated. Ozone oxidizes bromide to bromine which then serves as a biocide. The bromide levels are chosen such that the ozone/bromide reaction is preferred over the ozone/treatment chemicals reaction. Thus, the addition of bromide at elevated concentrations, while acting as a biocide precursor, serves to protect treatment chemicals necessary for corrosion and scale control.
摘要:
Silane compositions having an aromatic functionality and a ethylenically functionality and comprising a latent acid catalyst are deposited in two or more layers on a substrate. Each layer differs in light absorption properties from an adjacent layer. Some layers may have different curing mechanisms. Such a method is useful in forming antireflective coatings.
摘要:
This invention relates to a method of dual damascene integration for manufacture of integrating circuits using three top hard mask layers having alternating etch selectivity characteristics.