摘要:
A method and apparatus for providing a Spanning Tree to nodes on an Ethernet network. A Spanning Tree topology is calculated, and a Resource Reservation Protocol Traffic Extension path message is generated. The path message contains at least a part of the Spanning Tree topology. The path message is sent to bridges on the Ethernet network. The bridge nodes that receive the path message configure their port states depending on the information contained in the path message, and may also configure port Virtual Local Area Network membership.
摘要:
A call admission control system and method for Internet Protocol (IP) Differentiated Services (DiffServ) network having at least one node for interpreting signaling messages and controlling traffic load in the network. The method consists of an initialization (601) and a real-time phase (602). In initialization phase (601), coefficients of the approximating hyperplanes are computed (61) and stored (62). This phase is repeated when the descriptor of a traffic class changes (63), which usually happens when nodes are configured or reconfigured. A traffic mix is admissible (67), if for each real-time traffic class both the stability (65) and the delay (66) constraints are fulfilled. Stability is tested by evaluating the number of lost packets and comparing it to the tolerated packet loss ratio for each class in that queue. Delay constraint is tested by checking if the traffic mix is below at least one of the approximating hyperplanes in the space of number of sessions for each class.
摘要:
The invention relates to failure handling in a tree sructure network (NW1) that has edge nodes (EN1 . . . EN4) and switching nodes (SW1 . . . SW4) interconnected by lines (L1). VLANs (VLAN1-VLAN3) are established such that at least one thereof provides connectivity in case of any single failure in the network. The VLANs can be established by using spanning trees (ST1,ST2,ST3). Among the edge nodes, emitters (EN3) broadcast alive messages (A1,A2,A3) regularly on the VLANs and notifiers (EN2) note the alive messages. A missing alive message indicates a failure (CD1) on one VLAN (VLAN2) and the notifier (EN2) broadcasts corresponding failure messages (F1,F2,F3) on the VLANs. When all the alive messages (A1,A2,A3) appear again the notifier (EN2) broadcasts corresponding repair messages (R1,R2,R3). If the notifiers don't note a failure the nodes (EN1,EN4) with no special role performs a similar function as the notifier (EN2) somewhat slower. The failure handling is fast, robust, uses few messages, increases only slightly the traffic load in the network (NW1) and is compliant with present standards.
摘要:
A call admission control system and method for Internet Protocol (IP) Differentiated Services (DiffServ) network having at least one node for interpreting signaling messages and controlling traffic load in the network. The method consists of an initialization (601) and a real-time phase (602). In initialization phase (601), coefficients of the approximating hyperplanes are computed (61) and stored (62). This phase is repeated when the descriptor of a traffic class changes (63), which usually happens when nodes are configured or reconfigured. A traffic mix is admissible (67), if for each real-time traffic class both the stability (65) and the delay (66) constraints are fulfilled. Stability is tested by evaluating the number of lost packets and comparing it to the tolerated packet loss ratio for each class in that queue. Delay constraint is tested by checking if the traffic mix is below at least one of the approximating hyperplanes in the space of number of sessions for each class.
摘要:
Silicon wafers and the like are cleaned using new scrubber-type apparatus in which measures are taken to compensate for differential cleaning of the central region of the wafer by: using rotary brushes having one or more non-contact portions arranged in the section thereof that faces the central region of the substrate, or toggling the relative position of the wafer and the rotary brushes, or directing cleaning fluid(s) preferentially towards the central region of the wafer. Another aspect of the invention provides scrubber-type cleaning apparatus in which the rotary brushes are replaced by rollers (110). A web of cleaning material (116) is interposed between each roller and the substrate. Various different webs of cleaning material may be used, e.g. a length of tissue, a continuous loop of cleaning material whose surface is reconditioned on each cleaning pass, adhesive material provided on a carrier tape, etc.
摘要:
A passivating coupling material for, on the one hand, passivating a dielectric layer in a semiconductor device, and on the other hand, for permitting or at least promoting liquid phase metal deposition thereon in a subsequent process step. In a particular example, the dielectric layer may be a porous material having a desirably decreased dielectric constant k, and the passivating coupling material provides steric shielding groups that substantially block the adsorption and uptake of ambient moisture into the porous dielectric layer. The passivating coupling materials also provides metal nucleation sides for promoting the deposition of a metal thereon in liquid phase, in comparison with metal deposition without the presence of the passivating coupling material. The use of a liquid phase metal deposition process facilitates the subsequent manufacture of the semiconductor device. In one example, the passivating coupling material has multiple Si atoms in its chemical composition, which desirably increases the thermal stability of the material.
摘要:
Disclosed herein is a method and system for promoting a first wine industry of a first geographical location utilizing a plurality of advertising media. In a first embodiment, the plurality of advertising mediums is selected for promoting the first wine industry. The disclosed method links information of contribution of the first wine industry to a second wine industry. The information is publicized in a plurality of locations. In a second embodiment, the first wine industry is promoted utilizing a web portal. The web portal comprises a first set of information of the first wine industry and a second set of information of the second wine industry. The web portal establishes a virtual link between the first set of information and the second set of information. Further, revenue may be generated through the advertising mediums and targeted advertising.
摘要:
This disclosure describes a low particle concentration formulation for slurry which is particularly useful in continuous CMP polishing of copper layers during semiconductor wafer manufacture. The slurry is characterized by particle concentrations generally less than 2 wt %, and advantageously less than 1 wt %. In particular embodiments, where the particle concentration is in a range of 50 to 450 PPM, an 8-fold increase in polishing rate over reactive liquid slurries has been realized. Slurries thus formulated also achieve a reduction in defectivity and in the variations in planarity from wafer to wafer during manufacture, by improving the stability of polishing quality. The slurry formulations permit substantial cost savings over traditional 2-component, reactive liquid and fixed/bonded abrasive slurries. In addition the formulations provides an advantageous way during CMP to easily change the selectivity or rate of removal of one film material vs. another. Yet another use is to provide slurry “pulsing” as a means to activate bonded abrasive or fixed abrasive slurry technology.
摘要:
The presented idea is a cheap solution for audience monitoring in multicast capable networks e.g. Ethernet, IP or UMTS. There is no need for user equipment in order to monitor the viewers' watching behavior. The measurement is done in the operator's network; therefore, there is no need to contact the end user. The idea can be applied in systems comprising multicast capable network contention server, network devices and user equipment. The content is carried in data packets to the end user. The network devices are remote manageable. The user can choose between several contents. The aim is to measure the user statistics regarding the chosen content. According to the invention it is enough to place a measurement host with our proposed software block in the network, which collects data from the network devices in the edge of the network periodically in order to make a content access survey.
摘要:
The present invention provides a composition and a method of polishing a surface that minimizes abrasive removal of material from the surface. To that end, the composition is formulated to maximize dissolution of the material from the surface.