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1.发明申请Diesel Oxidation Catalyst With Layer Structure for Improved Hydrocarbon Conversion 有权柴油氧化催化剂用于改进烃转化的层结构公开(公告)号：US20100180582A1
公开(公告)日：2010-07-22
申请号：US12686827
申请日：2010-01-13
申请人： Torsten Wolfgang Mueller-Stach , Torsten Neubauer , Alfred Helmut Punke , Gerd Grubert , Attilio Siani , Corinna Freitag
发明人： Torsten Wolfgang Mueller-Stach , Torsten Neubauer , Alfred Helmut Punke , Gerd Grubert , Attilio Siani , Corinna Freitag
IPC分类号： F01N3/035 , B01J29/068 , B01D53/94
CPC分类号： B01D53/944 , B01D2255/1021 , B01D2255/1023 , B01D2255/502 , B01D2255/9025 , B01D2255/912 , B01D2255/9205 , B01D2255/9207 , B01D2258/012 , B01J23/44 , B01J29/7415 , B01J35/0006 , B01J37/0244 , B01J37/0246 , F01N2510/0682
摘要： Provided is a diesel oxidation catalyst for the treatment of exhaust gas emissions from a diesel engine and a method for treating a diesel exhaust gas stream, the method comprising providing a diesel oxidation catalyst and contacting said diesel exhaust gas stream with said diesel oxidation catalyst for the treatment of exhaust gas emissions. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a catalyst structure comprising three distinct layers; in which layer comprises a precious metal component such as palladium is located between two hydrocarbon storage layers comprising a molecular sieve such as a zeolite.
摘要翻译： 提供了一种用于处理来自柴油发动机的废气排放物的柴油氧化催化剂和用于处理柴油机废气流的方法，所述方法包括提供柴油机氧化催化剂并将所述柴油机废气流与所述柴油机氧化催化剂接触，用于 处理废气排放。 更具体地，本发明涉及包含三个不同层的催化剂结构; 其中包含贵金属组分如钯的层位于包含分子筛如沸石的两个烃储存层之间。
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2.发明申请DIESEL OXIDATION CATALYST COMPOSITE WITH LAYER STRUCTURE FOR CARBON MONOXIDE AND HYDROCARBON CONVERSION 有权柴油氧化催化剂复合材料，具有一氧化碳和碳氢化合物转化的层状结构公开(公告)号：US20100180581A1
公开(公告)日：2010-07-22
申请号：US12686817
申请日：2010-01-13
申请人： Gerd Grubert , Torsten Neubauer , Alfred Helmut Punke , Torsten Wolfgang Mueller-Stach , Attilio Siani , Stanley A. Roth , Jeffrey Barmont Hoke , Shiang Sung , Yuejin Li , Xinyi Wei , Michel Deeba
发明人： Gerd Grubert , Torsten Neubauer , Alfred Helmut Punke , Torsten Wolfgang Mueller-Stach , Attilio Siani , Stanley A. Roth , Jeffrey Barmont Hoke , Shiang Sung , Yuejin Li , Xinyi Wei , Michel Deeba
IPC分类号： F01N3/035 , B01J29/068 , B01J29/06 , B01D53/94
CPC分类号： B01J37/0244 , B01D53/944 , B01D2255/1021 , B01D2255/1023 , B01D2255/206 , B01D2255/20715 , B01D2255/502 , B01D2255/9022 , B01D2255/9025 , B01D2255/908 , B01D2255/912 , B01D2257/502 , B01D2257/702 , B01D2258/012 , B01J23/002 , B01J23/63 , B01J29/068 , B01J29/7415 , B01J35/023 , B01J37/0036 , B01J37/0246 , B01J37/0248 , B01J2523/00 , F01N2510/0682 , Y02A50/2341 , B01J2523/3706 , B01J2523/3712 , B01J2523/3718 , B01J2523/48
摘要： Provided is a catalyst composition, in particular a diesel oxidation catalyst, for the treatment of exhaust gas emissions, such as the oxidation of unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO). More particularly, the present invention is directed to a catalyst structure comprising at least two, specifically three distinct layers, at least one of which contains an oxygen storage component (OSC) that is present in a layer separate from the majority of the platinum group metal (PGM) components, such as palladium and platinum.
摘要翻译： 提供了用于处理废气排放的催化剂组合物，特别是柴油氧化催化剂，例如未燃烧的烃（HC）和一氧化碳（CO）的氧化。 更具体地说，本发明涉及一种催化剂结构，该催化剂结构包括至少两个，具体为三个不同的层，其中至少一个含有存储在与大多数铂族金属分开的层中的储氧组分（OSC） （PGM）组分，例如钯和铂。
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公开(公告)号：US08329607B2
公开(公告)日：2012-12-11
申请号：US12687597
申请日：2010-01-14
申请人： M. Shahjahan Kazi , Michel Deeba , Torsten Neubauer , Alfred Helmut Punke , Torsten Wolfgang Mueller-Stach , Gerd Grubert , Stanley A. Roth , Jeffrey Barmont Hoke , Shlang Sung , Yuejin Li , Xinyi Wei , Chung-Zong Wan
发明人： M. Shahjahan Kazi , Michel Deeba , Torsten Neubauer , Alfred Helmut Punke , Torsten Wolfgang Mueller-Stach , Gerd Grubert , Stanley A. Roth , Jeffrey Barmont Hoke , Shlang Sung , Yuejin Li , Xinyi Wei , Chung-Zong Wan
IPC分类号： B01J29/06 , B01J21/00 , B01J29/00 , B01J23/00 , B01J23/42 , B01J23/44 , B01J8/02 , B01D53/56 , B01D53/94 , B01D50/00 , B01D53/34 , C01B21/00 , C01B23/00 , C01B25/00 , C01B31/00 , C01B33/00 , C01B35/00 , C01G28/00 , C01G30/00
CPC分类号： B01D53/944 , B01D2255/1021 , B01D2255/1023 , B01D2255/206 , B01D2255/20707 , B01D2255/20715 , B01D2255/2092 , B01D2255/502 , B01D2255/504 , B01D2255/9025 , B01D2255/912 , B01D2255/9205 , B01J23/44 , B01J29/40 , B01J29/44 , B01J29/7007 , B01J29/7415 , B01J35/002 , B01J35/023 , B01J35/04 , B01J35/1014 , B01J35/1019 , B01J35/1042 , B01J35/1061 , B01J37/0242 , B01J37/0244 , B01J37/0246
摘要： Provided are diesel exhaust components where palladium is segregated from a molecular sieve, specifically a zeolite, in a catalytic material. In the catalytic material, therefore, there are at least two layers: a palladium-containing layer that is substantially free of a molecular sieve and a hydrocarbon trap layer that comprises at least one molecular sieve and is substantially free of palladium. The palladium is provided on a high surface area, porous refractory metal oxide support. The catalytic material can further comprise a platinum component, where a minor amount of the platinum component is in the hydrocarbon trap layer, and a majority amount of the platinum component is in the palladium-containing layer. Systems and methods of using the same are also provided.
摘要翻译： 提供了在催化材料中钯与分子筛特别是沸石分离的柴油机排气组分。 因此，在催化材料中，至少有两层：基本上不含分子筛的含钯层和包含至少一个分子筛并且基本上不含钯的烃捕集层。 钯提供在高表面积上，多孔难熔金属氧化物载体。 催化材料还可以包含铂组分，其中少量的铂组分位于烃阱层中，并且大部分量的铂组分在含钯层中。 还提供了使用它们的系统和方法。
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公开(公告)号：US20100186375A1
公开(公告)日：2010-07-29
申请号：US12687597
申请日：2010-01-14
申请人： M. Shahjahan Kazi , Michel Deeba , Torsten Neubauer , Alfred Helmut Punke , Torsten Wolfgang Mueller-Stach , Gerd Grubert , Stanley A. Roth , Jeffrey Barmont Hoke , Shiang Sung , Yuejin Li , Xinyi Wei , Chung-Zong Wan
发明人： M. Shahjahan Kazi , Michel Deeba , Torsten Neubauer , Alfred Helmut Punke , Torsten Wolfgang Mueller-Stach , Gerd Grubert , Stanley A. Roth , Jeffrey Barmont Hoke , Shiang Sung , Yuejin Li , Xinyi Wei , Chung-Zong Wan
IPC分类号： F01N3/20 , B01J29/068 , B01D53/94 , F01N3/10
CPC分类号： B01D53/944 , B01D2255/1021 , B01D2255/1023 , B01D2255/206 , B01D2255/20707 , B01D2255/20715 , B01D2255/2092 , B01D2255/502 , B01D2255/504 , B01D2255/9025 , B01D2255/912 , B01D2255/9205 , B01J23/44 , B01J29/40 , B01J29/44 , B01J29/7007 , B01J29/7415 , B01J35/002 , B01J35/023 , B01J35/04 , B01J35/1014 , B01J35/1019 , B01J35/1042 , B01J35/1061 , B01J37/0242 , B01J37/0244 , B01J37/0246
摘要： Provided are diesel exhaust components where palladium is segregated from a molecular sieve, specifically a zeolite, in a catalytic material. In the catalytic material, therefore, there are at least two layers: a palladium-containing layer that is substantially free of a molecular sieve and a hydrocarbon trap layer that comprises at least one molecular sieve and is substantially free of palladium. The palladium is provided on a high surface area, porous refractory metal oxide support. The catalytic material can further comprise a platinum component, where a minor amount of the platinum component is in the hydrocarbon trap layer, and a majority amount of the platinum component is in the palladium-containing layer. Systems and methods of using the same are also provided.
摘要翻译： 提供了在催化材料中钯与分子筛特别是沸石分离的柴油机排气组分。 因此，在催化材料中，至少有两层：基本上不含分子筛的含钯层和包含至少一个分子筛并且基本上不含钯的烃捕集层。 钯提供在高表面积上，多孔难熔金属氧化物载体。 催化材料还可以包含铂组分，其中少量的铂组分位于烃阱层中，并且大部分量的铂组分在含钯层中。 还提供了使用它们的系统和方法。
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公开(公告)号：US08858904B2
公开(公告)日：2014-10-14
申请号：US13031808
申请日：2011-02-22
申请人： Alfred Helmut Punke , Gerd Grubert , Yuejin Li , Ruediger Wolff , Stanley Roth , Torsten Müller-Stach , Attilio Siani , Kenneth Voss , Torsten Neubauer
发明人： Alfred Helmut Punke , Gerd Grubert , Yuejin Li , Ruediger Wolff , Stanley Roth , Torsten Müller-Stach , Attilio Siani , Kenneth Voss , Torsten Neubauer
IPC分类号： B01D53/56 , B01D53/94 , B01J8/02 , C01B21/00 , C01B23/00 , C01B25/00 , C01B31/00 , C01B33/00 , C01B35/00 , C01G28/00 , C01G30/00 , B01D50/00 , B01D53/34 , B01J23/00 , B01J21/00 , F01N3/035 , F01N3/10 , F01N13/02
CPC分类号： B01D53/9468 , B01D53/944 , B01D2255/1021 , B01D2255/1023 , B01D2255/9155 , B01D2258/012 , B01J23/42 , B01J23/44 , B01J35/0006 , B01J37/0248 , F01N3/035 , F01N3/103 , F01N13/0093 , F01N13/0097 , F01N2250/12 , F01N2510/0682 , Y10S502/52712 , Y10S502/52713 , Y10S502/52718 , Y10S502/52719
摘要： Described is a catalyzed soot filter wherein the inlet coating of the filter comprises an oxidation catalyst comprising platinum (Pt) and optionally palladium (Pd), wherein the outlet coating of the filter comprises an oxidation catalyst comprising Pd and optionally Pt, wherein the Pt concentration in the outlet coating is lower than the Pt concentration in the inlet coating and wherein the weight ratio of Pt:Pd in the outlet coating is in the range of from 0:1 to 2:1; and wherein the inlet coating and the outlet coating are present on the wall flow substrate at a coating loading ratio in the range of from 0.5 to 1.5, calculated as ratio of the loading of the inlet coating (in g/inch3 (g/(2.54 cm)3)):loading of the outlet coating (in g/inch3 (g/(2.54 cm)3)). Systems include such catalyzed soot filters, methods of diesel engine exhaust gas treatment and methods of manufacturing catalyzed soot filters are also described.
摘要翻译： 描述了一种催化烟尘过滤器，其中过滤器的入口涂层包括包含铂（Pt）和任选的钯（Pd）的氧化催化剂，其中过滤器的出口涂层包含包含Pd和任选的Pt的氧化催化剂，其中Pt浓度 在出口涂层中的入口涂层中的Pt浓度低于出口涂层中Pt：Pd的重量比在0：1至2：1的范围内; 并且其中入口涂层和出口涂层以0.5至1.5的涂层负载率存在于壁流动基材上，以入口涂层的负载比计算（g / inch 3（g /（2.54 cm）3））：出口涂层的负载（g / inch 3（g /（2.54cm）3）））。 还描述了系统包括这种催化烟灰过滤器，柴油发动机废气处理方法和制造催化烟灰过滤器的方法。
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公开(公告)号：US20110212008A1
公开(公告)日：2011-09-01
申请号：US13031808
申请日：2011-02-22
申请人： Alfred Helmut Punke , Gerd Grubert , Yuejin Li , Ruediger Wolff , Stanley Roth , Torsten Müeller-Stach , Attilio Siani , Kenneth Voss , Torsten Neubauer
发明人： Alfred Helmut Punke , Gerd Grubert , Yuejin Li , Ruediger Wolff , Stanley Roth , Torsten Müeller-Stach , Attilio Siani , Kenneth Voss , Torsten Neubauer
CPC分类号： B01D53/9468 , B01D53/944 , B01D2255/1021 , B01D2255/1023 , B01D2255/9155 , B01D2258/012 , B01J23/42 , B01J23/44 , B01J35/0006 , B01J37/0248 , F01N3/035 , F01N3/103 , F01N13/0093 , F01N13/0097 , F01N2250/12 , F01N2510/0682 , Y10S502/52712 , Y10S502/52713 , Y10S502/52718 , Y10S502/52719
摘要： Described is a catalyzed soot filter wherein the inlet coating of the filter comprises an oxidation catalyst comprising platinum (Pt) and optionally palladium (Pd), wherein the outlet coating of the filter comprises an oxidation catalyst comprising Pd and optionally Pt, wherein the Pt concentration in the outlet coating is lower than the Pt concentration in the inlet coating and wherein the weight ratio of Pt:Pd in the outlet coating is in the range of from 0:1 to 2:1; and wherein the inlet coating and the outlet coating are present on the wall flow substrate at a coating loading ratio in the range of from 0.5 to 1.5, calculated as ratio of the loading of the inlet coating (in g/inch3 (g/(2.54 cm)3)):loading of the outlet coating (in g/inch3 (g/(2.54 cm)3)). Systems include such catalyzed soot filters, methods of diesel engine exhaust gas treatment and methods of manufacturing catalyzed soot filters are also described.
摘要翻译： 描述了一种催化烟尘过滤器，其中过滤器的入口涂层包括包含铂（Pt）和任选的钯（Pd）的氧化催化剂，其中过滤器的出口涂层包含包含Pd和任选的Pt的氧化催化剂，其中Pt浓度 在出口涂层中的入口涂层中的Pt浓度低于出口涂层中Pt：Pd的重量比在0：1至2：1的范围内; 并且其中入口涂层和出口涂层以0.5至1.5的涂层负载率存在于壁流动基材上，以入口涂层的负载比计算（g / inch 3（g /（2.54 cm）3））：出口涂层的负载（g / inch 3（g /（2.54cm）3）））。 还描述了系统包括这种催化烟灰过滤器，柴油发动机废气处理方法和制造催化烟灰过滤器的方法。
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7.发明授权Diesel oxidation catalyst with layer structure for improved hydrocarbon conversion 有权具有层结构的柴油氧化催化剂，用于改善烃转化率公开(公告)号：US08252258B2
公开(公告)日：2012-08-28
申请号：US12686827
申请日：2010-01-13
申请人： Torsten W. Müller-Stach , Torsten Neubauer , Alfred H. Punke , Gerd Grubert , Attilio Siani , Corinna Freitag
发明人： Torsten W. Müller-Stach , Torsten Neubauer , Alfred H. Punke , Gerd Grubert , Attilio Siani , Corinna Freitag
CPC分类号： B01D53/944 , B01D2255/1021 , B01D2255/1023 , B01D2255/502 , B01D2255/9025 , B01D2255/912 , B01D2255/9205 , B01D2255/9207 , B01D2258/012 , B01J23/44 , B01J29/7415 , B01J35/0006 , B01J37/0244 , B01J37/0246 , F01N2510/0682
摘要： Provided is a diesel oxidation catalyst for the treatment of exhaust gas emissions from a diesel engine and a method for treating a diesel exhaust gas stream, the method comprising providing a diesel oxidation catalyst and contacting said diesel exhaust gas stream with said diesel oxidation catalyst for the treatment of exhaust gas emissions. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a catalyst structure comprising three distinct layers; in which layer comprises a precious metal component such as palladium is located between two hydrocarbon storage layers comprising a molecular sieve such as a zeolite.
摘要翻译： 提供了一种用于处理来自柴油发动机的废气排放物的柴油氧化催化剂和用于处理柴油机废气流的方法，所述方法包括提供柴油机氧化催化剂并将所述柴油机废气流与所述柴油机氧化催化剂接触，用于 处理废气排放。 更具体地，本发明涉及包含三个不同层的催化剂结构; 其中包含贵金属组分如钯的层位于包含分子筛如沸石的两个烃储存层之间。
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8.发明授权Diesel oxidation catalyst composite with layer structure for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon conversion 有权柴油氧化催化剂复合材料，具有一氧化碳和烃转化的层结构公开(公告)号：US08211392B2
公开(公告)日：2012-07-03
申请号：US12686817
申请日：2010-01-13
申请人： Gerd Grubert , Torsten Neubauer , Alfred H. Punke , Torsten W. Müller-Stach , Attilio Siani , Stanley A. Roth , Jeffrey B. Hoke , Shiang Sung , Yuejin Li , Xinyi Wei , Michel Deeba
发明人： Gerd Grubert , Torsten Neubauer , Alfred H. Punke , Torsten W. Müller-Stach , Attilio Siani , Stanley A. Roth , Jeffrey B. Hoke , Shiang Sung , Yuejin Li , Xinyi Wei , Michel Deeba
CPC分类号： B01J37/0244 , B01D53/944 , B01D2255/1021 , B01D2255/1023 , B01D2255/206 , B01D2255/20715 , B01D2255/502 , B01D2255/9022 , B01D2255/9025 , B01D2255/908 , B01D2255/912 , B01D2257/502 , B01D2257/702 , B01D2258/012 , B01J23/002 , B01J23/63 , B01J29/068 , B01J29/7415 , B01J35/023 , B01J37/0036 , B01J37/0246 , B01J37/0248 , B01J2523/00 , F01N2510/0682 , Y02A50/2341 , B01J2523/3706 , B01J2523/3712 , B01J2523/3718 , B01J2523/48
摘要： Provided is a catalyst composition, in particular a diesel oxidation catalyst, for the treatment of exhaust gas emissions, such as the oxidation of unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO). More particularly, the present invention is directed to a catalyst structure comprising at least two, specifically three distinct layers, at least one of which contains an oxygen storage component (OSC) that is present in a layer separate from the majority of the platinum group metal (PGM) components, such as palladium and platinum.
摘要翻译： 提供了用于处理废气排放的催化剂组合物，特别是柴油氧化催化剂，例如未燃烧的烃（HC）和一氧化碳（CO）的氧化。 更具体地说，本发明涉及一种催化剂结构，该催化剂结构包括至少两个，具体为三个不同的层，其中至少一个含有存储在与大多数铂族金属分开的层中的储氧组分（OSC） （PGM）组分，例如钯和铂。
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9.发明授权Pt-Pd diesel oxidation catalyst with CO/HC light-off and HC storage function 有权Pt-Pd柴油氧化催化剂具有CO / HC关闭和HC储存功能公开(公告)号：US09533295B2
公开(公告)日：2017-01-03
申请号：US14384517
申请日：2012-04-05
申请人： Torsten W. Müller-Stach , Alfred H. Punke , Gerd Grubert , Marcus Hilgendorff , Helke Doering , Torsten Neubauer , Xiaolai Zheng , Chung-Zong Wan , Wen-Mei Xue , Patrick Burk
发明人： Torsten W. Müller-Stach , Alfred H. Punke , Gerd Grubert , Marcus Hilgendorff , Helke Doering , Torsten Neubauer , Xiaolai Zheng , Chung-Zong Wan , Wen-Mei Xue , Patrick Burk
IPC分类号： B01D53/94 , B01J23/42 , B01J23/44 , F01N3/28 , B01J29/76 , B01J37/02 , B01J29/035 , F01N3/08 , F01N3/10 , F01N3/20 , F01N3/035 , F01N13/00 , B01J21/04 , B01J29/44
CPC分类号： B01J29/7676 , B01D53/944 , B01D53/9477 , B01D2255/1021 , B01D2255/1023 , B01D2255/2042 , B01D2255/2047 , B01D2255/2063 , B01D2255/50 , B01D2255/502 , B01D2255/504 , B01D2255/9022 , B01D2255/9025 , B01D2255/912 , B01D2258/012 , B01J21/04 , B01J23/44 , B01J29/0354 , B01J29/44 , B01J29/7615 , B01J37/0244 , B01J37/0246 , B01J2229/64 , F01N3/035 , F01N3/0814 , F01N3/0842 , F01N3/103 , F01N3/2066 , F01N13/009 , F01N2370/04 , F01N2510/0684 , Y02A50/2341 , Y02T10/24
摘要： A diesel oxidation catalyst for the treatment of exhaust gas emissions, such as the oxidation of unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) and the reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) is described. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a washcoat composition comprising high silica to alumina zeolite and platinum and palladium such that the zeolite minimizes negative interactions of these platinum group metals with the zeolite.
摘要翻译： 描述了用于处理废气排放的柴油氧化催化剂，例如未燃烧的烃（HC）和一氧化碳（CO）的氧化和氮氧化物（NOx）的还原。 更具体地说，本发明涉及包含高二氧化硅 - 氧化铝沸石和铂和钯的修补基面涂料组合物，使得沸石使这些铂族金属与沸石的负相互作用最小化。
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10.发明申请PT-PD Diesel Oxidation Catalyst With CO/HC Light-Off And HC Storage Function 有权PT-PD柴油氧化催化剂具有CO / HC熄灭和HC储存功能公开(公告)号：US20150174564A1
公开(公告)日：2015-06-25
申请号：US14384517
申请日：2012-04-05
申请人： Torsten W. Müller-Stach , Alfred H. Punke , Gerd Grubert , Marcus Hilgendorff , Helke Doering , Torsten Neubauer , Xiaolai Zheng , Chung-Zong Wan , Wen-Mei Xue , Patrick Burk
发明人： Torsten W. Müller-Stach , Alfred H. Punke , Gerd Grubert , Marcus Hilgendorff , Helke Doering , Torsten Neubauer , Xiaolai Zheng , Chung-Zong Wan , Wen-Mei Xue , Patrick Burk
CPC分类号： B01J29/7676 , B01D53/944 , B01D53/9477 , B01D2255/1021 , B01D2255/1023 , B01D2255/2042 , B01D2255/2047 , B01D2255/2063 , B01D2255/50 , B01D2255/502 , B01D2255/504 , B01D2255/9022 , B01D2255/9025 , B01D2255/912 , B01D2258/012 , B01J21/04 , B01J23/44 , B01J29/0354 , B01J29/44 , B01J29/7615 , B01J37/0244 , B01J37/0246 , B01J2229/64 , F01N3/035 , F01N3/0814 , F01N3/0842 , F01N3/103 , F01N3/2066 , F01N13/009 , F01N2370/04 , F01N2510/0684 , Y02A50/2341 , Y02T10/24
摘要： A diesel oxidation catalyst for the treatment of exhaust gas emissions, such as the oxidation of unburned hydrocarbons (HC), and carbon monoxide (CO) and the reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOx) is described. More particularly, the present invention is directed to a washcoat composition comprising high silica to alumina zeolite and platinum and palladium such that the zeolite minimizes negative interactions of these platinum group metals with the zeolite.
摘要翻译： 描述了用于处理废气排放的柴油氧化催化剂，例如未燃烧的烃（HC）和一氧化碳（CO）的氧化和氮氧化物（NOx）的还原。 更具体地说，本发明涉及包含高二氧化硅 - 氧化铝沸石和铂和钯的修补基面涂料组合物，使得沸石使这些铂族金属与沸石的负相互作用最小化。
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