Abstract:
A PLL includes an open-loop automatic frequency calibration circuit. The open-loop automatic frequency calibration circuit includes a frequency detector, first and second sinks, a comparator and a bank selector. The frequency detector generates an up-signal and a down-signal responding to a frequency difference between a first phase difference signal having a phase difference from a reference oscillation signal and the second phase difference signal having a phase difference from a frequency division oscillation signal. The first and second sinks discharge the first and second capacitors respectively responding to the up-signal and the down-signal. The comparator compares voltages of the first and second capacitors. The bank selector selects a bank according to binary search, selects an optimum bank among two banks lastly searched, and outputs a bank selection signal. The voltage-controlled oscillation changes frequency features thereof in response to the bank selection signal.
Abstract:
A power line communication (PLC) network and method, in which a coordinator can be changed. The PLC network includes a coordinator and a standby coordinator. The coordinator performs scheduling coordination in a PLC cell and periodically transmits scheduling information about the scheduling coordination to stations in the PLC cell. The standby coordinator serves as the new coordinator instead of the coordinator when the coordinator does not operate for a predetermined amount of time.
Abstract:
A method of joining a cell by using a proxy coordinator. The method of joining a cell by using a proxy coordinator includes requesting a second device to operate as a proxy coordinator from a first device positioned out of a beacon frame reachable area of the cell, transmitting a time period to operate as the proxy coordinator allocated by a coordinator of the cell, informing the first device that the second device can operate as the proxy coordinator, transmitting a cell join request to the proxy coordinator from the first device through the second device, and transmitting a beacon frame including time allocation information from the coordinator to the first device through the second device.
Abstract:
A method and apparatus are provided for transmitting data more efficiently between stations in a power line communication (PLC) network while preventing a hidden node problem. The method of transmitting data includes: detecting a hidden node in a network; and transmitting at least one of a request to send (RTS) command and a clear to send command (CTS) to the network before transmitting the data, if a hidden node is detected and a transmitting station a data packet having a size which is larger than a predetermined size. Using the method, interference of data transmissions and a low data throughput caused by the hidden node problem should be prevented.
Abstract:
A method of transmitting data more effectively, and more particularly, a method of classifying service traffic, transmitting data according to the classifications of the service traffic, and performing a contention free slot (CFS) allocation in order to transmit data in a power line communication (PLC) network, and an apparatus to do the same. The data transmission method includes determining transmission priority of data according to service traffic characteristics, and transmitting data according to the determined transmission priority, thereby providing differentiated quality of service (QoS) according to service traffic characteristics.
Abstract:
A method of data communication between power line communication (PLC) stations belonging to different PLC cells includes transmitting a station ID of a PLC reception station to a PLC cell bridge (CB) of a first PLC cell to which a PLC transmission station belongs, receiving a group identification (GID) and an encryption key of a second PLC cell to which the PLC reception station belongs from the PLC CB of the first PLC cell, encrypting data to be transmitted using the encryption key of the second PLC cell, and transmitting the station ID of the PLC reception station, the GID of the second PLC cell, and the encrypted data, to the PLC CB of the first PLC cell, and an apparatus to perform the method.
Abstract:
Provided is an apparatus and method of displaying power line communication channel information. The apparatus for displaying power line communication (PLC) channel information includes a channel information determining unit which performs PLC channel estimation and determines channel information including a bandwidth which is available for a user in a power line communication network; and a channel information displaying unit which displays the channel information to the user. Since channel information is determined through channel estimation and displayed to a user, it is possible to easily check whether a channel can be used before installing a power line communication (PLC) device. In an application, information on kinds of a service which can be selected by the user or expected quality of the service can be previously checked. Accordingly, the user can know whether the communication can be performed, without installing a communication device or executing a communication application which requires much time and effort. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce time and effort necessary for finding an adequate communication point.
Abstract:
A memory module and a memory system are provided. The memory module includes a first circuit board on which at least one memory chip is mounted, a second circuit board on which at least one memory chip is mounted, and a flexible coupler electrically connecting the first circuit board to the second circuit board. The memory module is bendable and is configured to extend around a memory controller. The memory chips are electrically coupled with the memory controller via a respective plurality of signal lines. The bendable memory module is configured to be bent around the memory controller such that respective lengths of the signal lines are equal.
Abstract:
Methods of forming a semiconductor device can include forming a first conductive layer of a gate electrode on a substrate of a device and forming a second conductive layer of a resistor, that is different than the first conductive layer, on the substrate spaced-apart from the gate electrode. Related devices are also disclosed.
Abstract:
Isolation regions for a semiconductor layer of a semiconductor-on-insulator substrate are fabricated by forming a patterned implantation mask on the semiconductor layer. The patterned implantation mask includes mask sidewalls. An implantation masking film is formed on the sidewalls of the patterned implantation mask. Ions are implanted into the semiconductor layer, using the patterned implantation layer and the implantation masking film as a mask, to thereby form a doped region in the semiconductor layer. Sidewall spacers are formed on the implantation masking film, opposite the patterned implantation mask. The doped region between the sidewall spacers is etched to thereby define a trench in the semiconductor layer between the sidewall spacers and a doped edge layer in the semiconductor layer which extends from the trench to the implantation masking film. Insulating material is then formed in the trench.