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    Substituted N-phenylglutarimides and N-phenylglutaramides, their preparation and use
    12.
    发明授权
    Substituted N-phenylglutarimides and N-phenylglutaramides, their preparation and use 失效
    取代的N-苯基戊二酰胺和N-苯基戊二酰胺，其制备和用途

    公开(公告)号：US5698494A

    公开(公告)日：1997-12-16

    申请号：US428107

    申请日：1995-04-26

    申请人： Ralf Klintz ,  Gerhard Hamprecht ,  Elisabeth Heistracher ,  Peter Schaefer ,  Uwe Kardorff ,  Karl-Otto Westphalen ,  Matthias Gerber ,  Helmut Walter

    发明人： Ralf Klintz ,  Gerhard Hamprecht ,  Elisabeth Heistracher ,  Peter Schaefer ,  Uwe Kardorff ,  Karl-Otto Westphalen ,  Matthias Gerber ,  Helmut Walter

    IPC分类号： A01N37/46 ,  A01N43/40 ,  C07C233/07 ,  C07C233/34 ,  C07C233/54 ,  C07C323/60 ,  C07C327/38 ,  C07D211/84 ,  C07D211/86 ,  C07D211/88 ,  C07D211/90 ,  C07D211/96 ,  C07D211/40 ,  C07D401/10

    CPC分类号： C07C233/54 ,  A01N37/46 ,  C07D211/84 ,  C07D211/88 ,  C07D211/90

    摘要： Substituted N-phenylglutarimides I ##STR1## X.sup.1, X.sup.2 =O, S; R.sup.1 =halogen, NO.sub.2, CN, CF.sub.3 ; R.sup.2 =H, halogen; R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.5 =H, halogen, CN, alkyl, cyctoalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkyl-thio, cyanoalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or benzyl,or 2 substituents of a C atom or 2 substituents of adjacent C atoms of the glutarimide ring are bonded to one another via a chain which may be substituted; A=CHR.sup.6 --CHR.sup.7 --CO--B or CR.sup.6 .dbd.CR.sup.8 --CO--B; R.sup.6 =H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -haloalkyl; R.sup.7 =halogen, haloalkyl, OH, alkoxy or alkylcarbonyloxy; R.sup.8 =H, CN, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyl or B=H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, haloalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy-alkyl, dialkoxyalkyl, alkylthioalkyl, alkoxy, alkylthio or amino, the last three radicals may be substituted, unsubstituted or functionalized; and plant-tolerable salts of I; their preparation and use as herbicides and desiccating/defoliating agents, and precursors for the preparation of the N-phenylglutarimides I.

    摘要翻译： PCT No.PCT / EP93 / 02879 371日期1995年04月26日 102（e）日期1995年4月26日PCT提交1993年10月19日PCT公布。 公开号WO94 / 10147 日期1994年5月11日取代的N-苯基戊二酰胺I X1，X2 = O，S; R1 =卤素，NO2，CN，CF3; R2 = H，卤素; R3，R4，R5 = H，卤素，CN，烷基，烷基，烷基，烯基，炔基，卤代烷基，烷氧基，卤代烷氧基，烷硫基，卤代烷基 - 硫代，氰基烷基，烷氧基羰基，未取代或取代的苯基或苄基，或2个C原子取代基 或戊二酰亚胺环的相邻C原子的2个取代基通过可被取代的链彼此键合; A = CHR6-CHR7-CO-B或CR6 = CR8-CO-B; R6 = H，C1-C6-烷基或C1-C6-卤代烷基; R7 =卤素，卤代烷基，OH，烷氧基或烷基羰基氧基; R8 = H，CN，烷基，烷基羰基，烷氧基羰基或B = H，烷基，烯基，炔基，卤代烷基，环烷基，烷氧基 - 烷基，二烷氧基烷基，烷硫基烷基，烷氧基，烷硫基或氨基，最后三个基团可以是取代的，未取代的或 功能化 和I的植物耐受性盐; 它们作为除草剂和干燥/脱叶剂的制备和用途，以及N-苯基戊二酰胺Ⅰ的制备前体。

    Substituted cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid derivatives and intermediates for their preparation
    14.
    发明授权
    Substituted cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid derivatives and intermediates for their preparation 失效
    取代的环己烯-1,2-二羧酸衍生物及其制备中间体

    公开(公告)号：US06204222B1

    公开(公告)日：2001-03-20

    申请号：US09085769

    申请日：1998-05-29

    申请人： Ralf Klintz ,  Elisabeth Heistracher ,  Peter Schaefer ,  Gerhard Hamprecht ,  Peter Plath ,  Uwe Kardorff ,  Matthias Gerber ,  Karl-Otto Westphalen ,  Helmut Walter

    发明人： Ralf Klintz ,  Elisabeth Heistracher ,  Peter Schaefer ,  Gerhard Hamprecht ,  Peter Plath ,  Uwe Kardorff ,  Matthias Gerber ,  Karl-Otto Westphalen ,  Helmut Walter

    IPC分类号： A01N4336

    CPC分类号： C07D209/48 ,  A01N37/30 ,  A01N37/32 ,  A01N37/34 ,  A01N37/46 ,  A01N43/12 ,  A01N43/16 ,  A01N43/40 ,  A01N43/74 ,  C07C233/61 ,  C07C233/63 ,  C07C255/13 ,  C07C255/46 ,  C07D295/185 ,  C07D307/12 ,  C07D307/90 ,  C07D309/06 ,  C07D339/08 ,  C07D401/10 ,  C07D413/10 ,  C07D417/10

    摘要： Substituted cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid derivatives I (R1 and R2 are each H, unsubstituted or substituted C1-C6-alkyl, C3-C6-alkenyl or C3-C6-alkynyl, C3-C8-cycloalkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or heterocyclyl and, if R1 is H or C1-C6-alkyl, R2 is additionally OH, C1-C6-alkoxy, C3-C6-alkenyloxy, C3-C6-alkynyloxy, C3-C6-cycloalkoxy, C5-C7-cycloalkenyloxy, C1-C6-haloalkoxy, C3-C6-haloalkenyloxy, C3-C7-cycloalkyl-C1-C6-alkoxy, C1-C6-alkyl-carbonyloxy, C1-C6-cyanoalkoxy, hydroxy-C1-C6-alkoxy, C1-C6-alkoxy-C1-C6-alkoxy, C1-C6-alkoxycarbonyl-C1-C6-alkoxy, C1-C6-alkoxy-C1-C6-alkoxy, C1-C6-alkylamino-C1-C6-alkoxy, C1-C6-dialkylamino-C1-C6-alkoxy, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl-C1-C6-alkoxy, phenyl-C3-C6-alkenyloxy or phenyl-C3-C7-alkynyloxy or unsubstituted or substituted amino, or R1 and R2, together with the nitrogen atom to which they are bonded, form an unsubstituted or substituted 3-membered to 8-membered heterocyclic structure, R3 is H or C1-C6-alkyl, R4 is H or halogen, R5 is H, halogen, NO2, CN or CF3, R6 is an unsubstituted or substituted 3-membered to 8-membered heterocyclic group, —A—CN, —A—CO—B, OR9, —C(R10)═O, —C(R10)═S, —C(R10)═N—R16, —CHR10)—CHR11—CO—B, —C(X1R14)(X2R15)R10 or —P(R12)(R13)═O, where the stated radicals have the meanings listed in the description, or R5 and R6 together form a 3-membered to 5-membered substituted carbon chain, and the agriculturally useful salts of Ia and Ib and intermediates for their preparation. The compounds Ia and Ib and their intermediates are suitable as herbicides and for the desiccation/defoliation of plants.

    摘要翻译： 取代的环己烯-1,2-二羧酸衍生物I（R 1和R 2各自为H，未取代或取代的C 1 -C 6 - 烷基，C 3 -C 6 - 烯基或C 3 -C 6炔基，C 3 -C 8 - 环烷基，未取代或取代的苯基 或者杂环基，如果R 1是H或C 1 -C 6烷基，则R 2又是OH，C 1 -C 6 - 烷氧基，C 3 -C 6 - 烯氧基，C 3 -C 6 - 炔氧基，C 3 -C 6 - 环烷氧基，C 5 -C 7 - 环烯基氧基， C 1 -C 6 - 卤代烷氧基，C 3 -C 6 - 卤代链烯氧基，C 3 -C 7 - 环烷基-C 1 -C 6 - 烷氧基，C 1 -C 6烷基 - 羰氧基，C 1 -C 6 - 氰基烷氧基，羟基-C 1 -C 6烷氧基， 烷氧基-C 1 -C 6烷氧基，C 1 -C 6烷氧基-C 1 -C 6烷氧基，C 1 -C 6烷氧基-C 1 -C 6烷氧基，C 1 -C 6烷基氨基-C 1 -C 6烷氧基，C 1 -C 6二烷基氨基 - C 1 -C 6 - 烷氧基，未取代或取代的苯基-C 1 -C 6 - 烷氧基，苯基-C 3 -C 6 - 烯氧基或苯基-C 3 -C 7 - 炔氧基或未取代或取代的氨基，或R 1和R 2与 它们是键合的，形成未取代或取代的3元至8元杂环结构，R 3是H或C 1 -C 6 - 烷基，R 4是H或卤代 n为5，卤素，NO 2，CN或CF 3，R 6为未取代或取代的3元至8元杂环基，-A-CN，-A-CO-B，OR 9，-C（R 10） O，-C（R 10）= S，-C（R 10）= N-R 16，-CHR 10）-CHR 11 -CO-B，-C（X 1 R 14）（X 2 R 15）R 10或-P（R 12） 其中所述基团具有本说明书所列的含义，或者R5和R6一起形成3元至5元取代的碳链，以及Ia和Ib的农业上有用的盐及其制备的中间体。化合物Ia和 Ib及其中间体适合作为除草剂和植物的干燥/脱叶作用。

    Substituted 2-phenylpyridines
    15.
    发明授权
    Substituted 2-phenylpyridines 失效
    取代的2-苯基吡啶

    公开(公告)号：US5783522A

    公开(公告)日：1998-07-21

    申请号：US592355

    申请日：1996-01-11

    申请人： Peter Schaefer ,  Gerhard Hamprecht ,  Elisabeth Heistracher ,  Hartmann Koenig ,  Ralf Klintz ,  Peter Muenster ,  Harald Rang ,  Karl-Otto Westphalen ,  Matthias Gerber ,  Helmut Walter

    发明人： Peter Schaefer ,  Gerhard Hamprecht ,  Elisabeth Heistracher ,  Hartmann Koenig ,  Ralf Klintz ,  Peter Muenster ,  Harald Rang ,  Karl-Otto Westphalen ,  Matthias Gerber ,  Helmut Walter

    IPC分类号： A01N43/40 ,  A01N43/42 ,  A01N43/60 ,  A01N43/647 ,  A01N43/76 ,  A01N43/78 ,  A01N43/84 ,  A01N47/22 ,  C07D213/30 ,  C07D213/61 ,  C07D213/65 ,  C07D213/70 ,  C07D213/89 ,  C07D265/36 ,  C07D401/04 ,  C07D405/04 ,  C07D405/14 ,  C07D409/04 ,  C07D409/12 ,  C07D413/04 ,  C07D417/04

    CPC分类号： C07D213/30 ,  C07D213/61 ,  C07D265/36 ,  C07D409/12

    摘要： Substituted 2-phenylpyridines I ##STR1## R.sup.1,R.sup.3 =H, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, OH, haloalkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, SH, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylthio, haloalkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, CHO, CN, CO.sub.2 H, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxyalkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, alkoxyalkylcarbonyl, CONH.sub.2, alkyl-aminocarbonyl, dialkylaminocarbonyl, pyrrolidinyl-carbonyl piperidylcarbonyl, morpholinylcarbonyl, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2, alkylamino, dialkylamino, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, alkylcarbonylamino, haloalkylcarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino; R.sup.2 =halogen, CN, NO.sub.2, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxy, haloalkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkylthio; or R.sup.1 +R.sup.2 or R.sup.2 +R.sup.3 =trimethylene or tetramethylene chain;R.sup.4 =halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkoxy, OH, haloalkoxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, haloalkylcarbonyloxy, SH, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, haloalkylthio, haloalkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, CHO, CN, CO.sub.2 H, alkoxycarbonyl, alkoxyalkoxycarbonyl, haloalkoxycarbonyl, alkylcarbonyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, alkoxyalkylcarbonyl, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2, alkylamino, dialkylamino, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, alkylcarbonylamino, haloalkylcarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino; R.sup.5 =hydrogen or halogen; R.sup.6 =halogen, CN, NO.sub.2, OH, CF.sub.3, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy; R.sup.7 =various radicals; and the N-oxides of I and the agriculturally utilizable salts of I where these exist, excepting those compounds I where R.sup.2 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy and R.sup.1 and/or R.sup.3 is carboxyl or the salt, ester or amide thereof.

    摘要翻译： PCT No.PCT / EP94 / 02263 371日期1996年1月11日 102（e）日期1996年1月11日PCT提交1994年7月11日PCT公布。 公开号WO95 / 02580 日期1995年1月26日取代的2-苯基吡啶I R1，R3 = H，卤素，烷基，卤代烷基，烷氧基烷基，烷氧基，烷氧基烷氧基，OH，卤代烷氧基，烷基羰基氧基，卤代烷基羰氧基，SH，烷硫基，烷基亚磺酰基，烷基磺酰基，卤代烷硫基， 卤代烷基亚磺酰基，卤代烷基磺酰基，CHO，CN，CO 2 H，烷氧基羰基，烷氧基烷氧基羰基，卤代烷氧基羰基，烷基羰基，卤代烷基羰基，烷氧基烷基羰基，CONH 2，烷基氨基羰基，二烷基氨基羰基，吡咯烷基 - 羰基哌啶基羰基，吗啉基羰基，NO 2，NH 2，烷基氨基，二烷基氨基，吡咯烷基，哌啶基，吗啉基 ，烷基羰基氨基，卤代烷基羰基氨基，烷基磺酰基氨基; R 2 =卤素，CN，NO 2，烷基，卤代烷基，烷氧基，卤代烷氧基，烷硫基，卤代烷硫基; 或R1 + R2或R2 + R3 =三亚甲基或四亚甲基链; R 4 =卤素，烷基，卤代烷基，烷氧基烷基，烷氧基，烷氧基烷氧基，OH，卤代烷氧基，烷基羰基氧基，卤代烷基羰氧基，烷硫基，烷基亚磺酰基，烷基磺酰基，卤代烷硫基，卤代烷基亚磺酰基，卤代烷基磺酰基，CHO，CN，CO 2 H，烷氧基羰基，烷氧基烷氧基羰基，卤代烷氧基羰基，烷基羰基， 卤代烷基羰基，烷氧基烷基羰基，NO 2，NH 2，烷基氨基，二烷基氨基，吡咯烷基，哌啶基，吗啉基，烷基羰基氨基，卤代烷基羰基氨基，烷基磺酰基氨基。 R5 =氢或卤素; R6 =卤素，CN，NO2，OH，CF3，C1-C6-烷基，C1-C4-烷氧基; R7 =各种基团; 和I的N-氧化物和其中存在的I的农业上可利用的盐，除了其中R 2是C 1 -C 4 - 烷氧基且R 1和/或R 3是羧基的化合物I或其盐，酯或酰胺。

    Benzylhydroxylamines and intermediates used to prepare them
    19.
    发明授权
    Benzylhydroxylamines and intermediates used to prepare them 失效

    公开(公告)号：US6057269A

    公开(公告)日：2000-05-02

    申请号：US973780

    申请日：1998-01-05

    申请人： Ralf Klintz ,  Gerhard Hamprecht ,  Elisabeth Heistracher ,  Peter Schafer ,  Cyrill Zagar ,  Karl-Otto Westphalen ,  Helmut Walter ,  Ulf Misslitz ,  Olaf Menke ,  Markus Menges

    发明人： Ralf Klintz ,  Gerhard Hamprecht ,  Elisabeth Heistracher ,  Peter Schafer ,  Cyrill Zagar ,  Karl-Otto Westphalen ,  Helmut Walter ,  Ulf Misslitz ,  Olaf Menke ,  Markus Menges

    IPC分类号： A01N43/54 ,  A01N47/12 ,  A01N47/24 ,  A01N47/30 ,  A01N53/00 ,  C07C239/08 ,  C07C239/10 ,  C07C239/16 ,  C07C239/20 ,  C07C265/12 ,  C07C271/22 ,  C07C271/28 ,  C07C271/54 ,  C07C271/58 ,  C07C275/32 ,  C07C275/40 ,  C07D239/54 ,  C07D405/12

    CPC分类号： C07D239/54 ,  A01N43/54 ,  A01N47/12 ,  A01N47/24 ,  A01N47/30 ,  A01N53/00 ,  C07C239/08 ,  C07C239/10 ,  C07C265/12 ,  C07C271/22 ,  C07C271/28 ,  C07C271/54 ,  C07C271/58 ,  C07C275/40

    摘要： Benzylhydroxylamines I ##STR1## (X=--N(R.sup.7)--O--; Y=O, S; R.sup.1 =halogen, CN, NO.sub.2, CF.sub.3 ; R.sup.2 =H, halogen; R.sup.3 =H, NH.sub.2, CH.sub.3 ;R.sup.4 =H, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -haloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylsulfinyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylsulfonyl;R.sup.5 =H, halogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl;R.sup.6 =H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -haloalkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -cycloalkyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 -alkenyl;R.sup.7 =H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -cycloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -haloalkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkenyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkynyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylcarbonyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkenylcarbonyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkynylcarbonyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkoxycarbonyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.8 -alkenyloxycarbonyl, C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 -alkynyloxycarbonyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylthiocarbonyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylsulfonyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylcarbamoyl, it being possible for the 14 last-mentioned radicals to have attached to them 1-3 substituents:NO.sub.2, CN, halogen, C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -cycloalkyl, OH, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkoxy, C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -cycloalkoxy, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkenyloxy, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkynyloxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkoxy-C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylcarbonyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylcarbonyloxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylsulfinyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylsulfonyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylideneaminoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylcarbamoyl,unsubstituted or substituted phenyl, phenoxy or phenylsulfonyl,a 3- to 7-membered heterocyclyl or heterocyclyloxy group having 1-3 hetero atoms, it being possible for this group to be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic and to have attached to it 1-3 substituents,--CO--Z.sup.1 R.sup.9, --OCO--Z.sup.1 R.sup.9, --N(R.sup.9)R.sup.10 orR.sup.7 =unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkylcarbonyl, phenylcarbonyl, phenylsulfonyl, phenylcarbamoyl;R.sup.8 =H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -cycloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -haloalkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkenyl or C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkynyl, it being possible for each of the 5 last-mentioned radicals to have attached to it 1-3 substituents:NO.sub.2, CN, halogen, C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -cycloalkyl, OH, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkoxy, C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -cycloalkoxy, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkenyloxy, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkynyloxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkoxy-C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylthio, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylsulfinyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylsulfonyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkylideneaminoxy,unsubstituted or substituted phenyl- [sic], phenoxy-[sic] or phenylsulfonyl,a 3- to 7-membered heterocyclyl or heterocyclyloxy group having 1-3 hetero atoms, it being possible for this group to be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic and to have attached to it 1-3 substituents,--CO--Z.sup.2 R.sup.11, --OCO--Z.sup.2 R.sup.11, --N(R.sup.11)R.sup.12 ;Z.sup.1 a chemical bond, oxygen, sulfur or --N(R.sup.10)--;Z.sup.2 =a chemical bond, oxygen, sulfur or --N(R.sup.12)--;R.sup.9, R.sup.11 =H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -haloalkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -cycloalkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkenyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -alkynyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkoxy-C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkoxy)carbonyl-C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted phenyl or phenyl-C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl,orZ.sup.1 and R.sup.9 and/or Z.sup.2 and R.sup.11 together=a 3- to 7-membered heterocycle having 1-3 hetero atoms and bonded via nitrogen, it being possible for this heterocycle to be saturated, unsaturated or aromatic and, if desired, to have attached to it one to three substituents,R.sup.10, R.sup.12 =H, OH, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -cycloalkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkoxy)and the salts of I where R.sup.3, R.sup.7 and/or R.sup.8 =hydrogenare used as herbicides and for the desiccation/defoliation of plants.