摘要:
The invention pertains to a continuous process for the conversion of inorganic solid starting particles which either are amorphous or possess a degree of order into inorganic solid product particles which when the starting particles are amorphous, possess a degree of order, or when the starting particles possess a degree of order, possess a different order, a different degree of order, or no order, which product particles are suitable for use in or as a catalyst, in or as a carrier, or in or as an adsorbent, in which process the starting particles are dispersed in a liquid thus forming a suspension. The suspension flows through at least two separate conversion vessels (3) which are connected in series and the suspension is agitated in each of these vessels (3). The invention furthermore relates to an apparatus suitable for carrying out the process according to the invention. This invention allows the processing of suspension with a high Solids to Liquid Ratio. The conversion vessels are decoupled by one or more of the process conditions in one or more of the conversion vessels differing from those in the other vessel or vessels.
摘要:
The present invention pertains to cheaper process for the preparation of quasi-crystalline boehmite containing additive in a homogeneously dispersed state. In this cheaper process an inexpensive quasi-crystalline boehmite precursor is and additive are combined and aged to form a quasi-crystalline boehmite containing additive in a homogeneously dispersed state. Suitable inexpensive quasi-crystalline boehmite precursors are aluminum trihydrate and thermally treated forms thereof and inorganic aluminum salts. Suitable additives are compounds containing elements selected from the group of rare earth metals alkaline earth metals, transition metals, actinides, silicon, gallium, boron, and phosphorus.
摘要:
A process is disclosed for preparing biomass particles for thermolytic or enzymatic conversion whereby the biomass particles baying a moisture content of at least 20% are subjected to flash heating. The flash heating may be preceded by one or more adsorption/desorption cycles with water or steam. A swelling aid may be added during the adsorption part of an adsorption/desorption cycle.
摘要:
A process is disclosed for preparing biomass particles for thermolytic or enzymatic conversion whereby the biomass particles baying a moisture content of at least 20% are subjected to flash heating. The flash heating may be preceded by one or more adsorption/desorption cycles with water or steam. A swelling aid may be added during the adsorption part of an adsorption/desorption cycle.
摘要:
A method is disclosed for reducing the mechanical strength of solid biomass material, in particular ligno-cellulosic biomass. The method comprises heating the solid biomass material to a temperature in the range of 105° C. to 200° C. The heat treatment, which is referred to as “toasting”, significantly reduces the mechanical energy required for reducing the particle size of the solid biomass material.The method is particularly suitable as a pretreatment step to a conversion reaction of the solid biomass material.
摘要:
A process is disclosed for making a biomass susceptible to depolymerization or liquefaction under mild conditions. The process comprises introducing into the biomass a material susceptible to the absorption of electro-magnetic radiation to form a radiation absorbent biomass. The radiation absorbent biomass is subjected to electro-magnetic radiation to form an activated biomass.
摘要:
A process is disclosed process for converting a solid or highly viscous carbon-based energy carrier material to liquid and gaseous reaction products, said process comprising the steps of: a) contacting the carbon-based energy carrier material with a particulate catalyst material b) converting the carbon-based energy carrier material at a reaction temperature between 200° C. and 450° C., preferably between 250° C. and 350° C., thereby forming reaction products in the vapor phase. In a preferred embodiment the process comprises the additional step of: c) separating the vapor phase reaction products from the particulate catalyst material within 10 seconds after said reaction products are formed; In a further preferred embodiment step c) is followed by: d) quenching the reaction products to a temperature below 200° C.
摘要:
A Composition comprising one or more metal hydroxy salts and a matrix, binder or carrier material, wherein the metal hydroxy salt is a compound comprising (a) as metal either (i) one or more divalent metals, at least one of them being selected from the group consisting of Ni, Co, Ca, Zn, Mg, Fe, and Mn, or (ii) one or more trivalent metal(s), (b) framework hydroxide, and (c) a replaceable anion. This composition has various catalytic applications.
摘要:
Oxidic composition consisting essentially of oxidic forms of a first metal, a second metal, and optionally a third metal, the first metal being either Ca or Ba and being present in the composition in an amount of from about 5 to about 80 wt %, the second metal being Al and being present in the composition in an amount of from about 5 to about 80 wt %, the third metal being selected from the group consisting of La, Ti, and Zr, and being present in an amount of from 0 to about 17 wt %—all weight percentages calculated as oxides and based on the weight of the oxidic composition, the oxidic composition being obtainable by (a) preparing a physical mixture comprising solid compounds of the first, the second, and the optional third metal, (b) optionally aging the physical mixture, without anionic clay being formed, and (c) calcining the mixture. This composition is suitable for use in FCC processes for the passivation of metals with only minimal influence on the zeolite's hydrothermal stability.
摘要:
Oxidic composition consisting essentially of oxidic forms of a first metal, a second metal, and optionally a third metal, the first metal being either Fe or Zn and being present in the composition in an amount of from about 5 to about 80 wt %, the second metal being Al and being present in the composition in an amount of from about 5 to about 80 wt %, the third metal being selected from the group consisting of Mo, W, Ce, and V, and being present in an amount of from 0 to about 17 wt %—all weight percentages calculated as oxides and based on the weight of the oxidic composition, the oxidic composition being obtainable by (a) preparing a physical mixture comprising solid compounds of the first, the second, and the optional third metal, (b) optionally aging the physical mixture, without anionic clay being formed, and (c) calcining the mixture. This composition is suitable for use in FCC processes for the reduction of SOx emissions from the regenerator and for the production of sulphur-lean fuels and has only a minimised influence on the zeolite's hydrothermal stability.