Abstract:
The iron and steel industry has a history of environmental consciousness, and efforts are continually made to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions. However, the carbothermic process has approached limits on the further reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and only marginal improvements can be expected. Low temperature electrolysis using a dispersion medium to efficiently distribute charge throughout a colloid mixture including iron oxide provides an environmentally friendly method for performing an electrochemical reduction of Fe2O3 to produce granular Fe. An electrical-ionic conductive colloidal electrode containing the electrochemically active species (Fe2O3 particles), the liquid electrolyte (NaOH solution), and a percolating electrical conductor (carbon network) is utilized to produce Fe. The resulting simultaneous percolation of electrons and ions effectively increases the area of the current collector, and enables the process to function at higher currents and rate of charge transfer than static electrolysis.
Abstract translation:钢铁工业具有环保意识的历史,不断努力减少能源消耗和二氧化碳排放。 然而,碳热还原过程对进一步减少温室气体排放的限制已经达到了极限,只能预期微小的改善。 使用分散介质的低温电解以有效地分配电荷到包括氧化铁在内的胶体混合物中提供了一种环境友好的方法,用于进行Fe 2 O 3的电化学还原以产生粒状Fe。 使用包含电化学活性物质(Fe 2 O 3颗粒),液体电解质(NaOH溶液)和渗透电导体(碳网络)的电离离子导电胶体电极来生产Fe。 所产生的电子和离子的同时渗透有效地增加了集电器的面积,并且使得该工艺能够在比静电解更高的电流和电荷转移速率下起作用。
Abstract:
A system and method for synchronizing the phases and frequencies of devices in multi-user, wireless communications systems are provided. A primary beacon signal is transmitted by a destination node in a wireless communications network to a plurality of source nodes. Secondary beacon signals are also exchanged between the source nodes. Using the primary and secondary beacon signals, the nodes generate local phase and frequency estimates which are used to control local phases and frequencies of the source nodes. The source nodes then transmit common information to the destination at carrier frequencies based on the estimated local frequencies and phases, so that the phases and frequencies of the transmitted information are synchronized to facilitate coherent combining of the bandpass signals at the destination. Phase and frequency synchronization can be applied to wireless communications systems having any number of source nodes, and effects of Doppler shifts and moving platforms are accounted for. Acoustic and radio-frequency signaling can be utilized.
Abstract:
A composite gas separation module includes a porous metal substrate; an intermediate layer that includes a powder having a Tamman temperature higher than the Tamman temperature of the porous metal substrate and wherein the intermediate layer overlies the porous metal substrate; and a dense hydrogen-selective membrane, wherein the dense hydrogen-selective membrane overlies the intermediate layer. In another embodiment, a composite gas separation module includes a porous metal substrate; an intermediate powder layer; and a dense gas-selective membrane, wherein the dense gas-selective membrane overlies the intermediate powder layer.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method for curing a defect in the fabrication of a composite gas separation module and to composite gas separation modules formed by a process that includes the method. The present invention also relates to a method for selectively separating hydrogen gas from a hydrogen gas-containing gaseous stream. The method for curing a defect in the fabrication of a composite gas separation module includes depositing a first material over a porous substrate, thereby forming a coated substrate, wherein the coated substrate contains at least one defect. Then, the coated substrate can be selectively surface activated proximate to the defect, thereby forming at least one selectively surface activated region of the coated substrate. A second material can be then preferentially deposited on the selectively surface activated region of the coated substrate, whereby the defect is cured.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method for fabricating a composite gas separation module and to gas separation modules formed by the method. The present invention also relates to a method for selectively separating hydrogen gas from a hydrogen gas-containing gaseous stream. In one embodiment, the method for fabricating a composite gas separation module includes depositing a first material on a porous substrate, thereby forming a coated substrate. The coated substrate is abraded, thereby forming a polished substrate. A second material is then deposited on the polished substrate. The first material, the second material, or both the first material and the second material can include a gas-selective material. For example, the gas-selective material can include a hydrogen-selective metal, e.g., palladium, or an alloy thereof. In one embodiment, the method includes the step of forming a dense gas-selective membrane over the porous substrate. Practice of the present invention can produce gas separation modules that have thinner and/or more uniform dense gas-selective membranes than are possible using conventional manufacturing techniques.
Abstract:
A surgical head clamp and robotics platform secures a head of a patient and positions an instrument relative to the head for a medical procedure. The head clamp and robotics platform comprises a planar C-shaped frame for at least partially encircling the head of a patient. An instrument arm is mounted is to a free distal end of one arm member of the frame. The instrument arm extends away from the arm member in a direction transverse to the plane of the frame. The instrument arm includes a base mounted to the arm member for movement along three degrees of freedom relative to the frame, a proximal portion extending from and pivotally connected to the base, and a distal instrument holder extending from and pivotally connected to the proximal portion. The instrument arm functions to selectively position the instrument in an angular position relative to the head clamp.
Abstract:
Cathode material from exhausted lithium ion batteries are dissolved in a solution for extracting the useful elements Co (cobalt), Ni (nickel), Al (Aluminum) and Mn (manganese) to produce active cathode materials for new batteries. The solution includes compounds of desirable materials such as cobalt, nickel, aluminum and manganese dissolved as compounds from the exhausted cathode material of spent cells. Depending on a desired proportion, or ratio, of the desired materials, raw materials are added to the solution to achieve the desired ratio of the commingled compounds for the recycled cathode material for new cells. The desired materials precipitate out of solution without extensive heating or separation of the desired materials into individual compounds or elements. The resulting active cathode material has the predetermined ratio for use in new cells, and avoids high heat typically required to separate the useful elements because the desired materials remain commingled in solution.
Abstract:
A microfluidic device for evaluation of test subjects for induced neural injury performs testing of multiple test subjects based on uniform and repeatable test stimuli for evaluating neural response for research including traumatic brain injury. A microfluidic device contains multiple test subjects and delivers a consistent, measured test stimuli simulating TBI to each of the test subjects simultaneously. The result is a system to assess neural function, behavior, and neural structure of small animals responsive to sonication-induced traumatic brain injury, to investigate risk and potential recovery. The microfluidic device disposes test subjects at a uniform distance from an injury inducing surface that emits sonication energy to simulate TBI. The uniform distance ensures that each test subject receives the same, controlled injury stimuli, and the test subjects may be evaluated with an attached microscope or video input, or may be extracted from the microfluidic device for further evaluation.
Abstract:
An iron anode employs an electrolyte for generating an anode reaction to convert between Iron II and Iron III ions, denoted by Fe(OH)2 and FeOOH, rather than tending towards formation of highly stable Fe3O4, which can tend to cause “dead” regions in the battery. A suitable battery chemistry includes iron-air and other iron metal batteries operable with an aqueous electrolyte and employing oxygen and water cathodes. The iron anode battery employs inexpensive available iron, rather than more expensive and/or volatile materials used in Li-ion and lead-acid batteries. An aqueous electrolyte formed from sodium hydroxide and silicates, optionally with potassium or chloride salts, forms an anode reaction with nanostructured iron oxide particles in a safe and stable battery chemistry which is readily scalable for grid storage.