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    Maintaining item-to-node mapping information in a distributed system
    3.
    发明授权
    Maintaining item-to-node mapping information in a distributed system 有权
    在分布式系统中维护项目到节点映射信息

    公开(公告)号：US08671151B2

    公开(公告)日：2014-03-11

    申请号：US11657778

    申请日：2007-01-24

    申请人： Vikram Joshi ,  Alexander Tsukerman ,  Arvind Nithrakashvap ,  Jia Shi ,  Tudor Bosman

    发明人： Vikram Joshi ,  Alexander Tsukerman ,  Arvind Nithrakashvap ,  Jia Shi ,  Tudor Bosman

    IPC分类号： G06F15/16

    CPC分类号： G06F17/30557

    摘要： A method and apparatus for maintaining an item-to-node mapping among nodes in a distributed cluster is provided. Each node maintains locally-stored system-state information indicating that node's understanding of which master nodes are alive and dead. Instead of employing a global item-to-node mapping, each node acts upon a locally determined mapping based on its locally-stored system-state information. For any two nodes with the same locally-stored system-state information, the locally determined mapping is the same. A node updates its locally-stored system-state information upon detecting a node failure or receiving a message from another node indicating different locally-stored system-state information. The new locally-stored system-state information is transmitted on a need-to-know basis, and consequently nodes with different item-to-node mappings may operate concurrently. Mechanisms to avoid nodes assuming conflicting ownership of items are employed, thus allowing node failures to propagate via asynchronous messaging instead of requiring a cluster-wide synchronization event.

    摘要翻译： 提供了一种用于在分布式集群中的节点之间维护项目到节点映射的方法和装置。 每个节点维护本地存储的系统状态信息，指示节点了解哪些主节点存活和死亡。 代替采用全局项目到节点映射，每个节点基于其本地存储的系统状态信息在本地确定的映射上作用。 对于具有相同本地存储的系统状态信息的任何两个节点，本地确定的映射是相同的。 当节点检测到节点故障或从另一节点接收到指示不同的本地存储的系统状态信息的消息时，节点更新其本地存储的系统状态信息。 新的本地存储的系统状态信息是在需要知道的基础上传输的，因此具有不同项目到节点映射的节点可以同时运行。 采用避免节点假设项目所有权冲突的机制，从而允许节点故障通过异步消息传播，而不需要群集范围的同步事件。

    CMP Process Flow for MEMS
    4.
    发明申请
    CMP Process Flow for MEMS 有权
    CMP的CMP工艺流程

    公开(公告)号：US20110212593A1

    公开(公告)日：2011-09-01

    申请号：US13036201

    申请日：2011-02-28

    申请人： Joseph Damian Gordon Lacey ,  Thomas L. Maguire ,  Vikram Joshi ,  Dennis J. Yost

    发明人： Joseph Damian Gordon Lacey ,  Thomas L. Maguire ,  Vikram Joshi ,  Dennis J. Yost

    IPC分类号： H01L21/02

    CPC分类号： B81C1/00095 ,  B81B2203/04 ,  B81B2207/07 ,  B81C1/00611 ,  B81C2201/0104

    摘要： The present invention generally relates to the formation of a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) cantilever switch in a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) back end of the line (BEOL) process. The cantilever switch is formed in electrical communication with a lower electrode in the structure. The lower electrode may be either blanket deposited and patterned or simply deposited in vias or trenches of the underlying structure. The excess material used for the lower electrode is then planarized by chemical mechanical polishing or planarization (CMP). The cantilever switch is then formed over the planarized lower electrode.

    摘要翻译： 本发明一般涉及在线路（BEOL）工艺的互补金属氧化物半导体（CMOS）后端中形成微机电系统（MEMS）悬臂开关。 悬臂开关形成为与结构中的下电极电连通。 下电极可以是毯式沉积和图案化或简单地沉积在底层结构的通孔或沟槽中。 然后通过化学机械抛光或平面化（CMP）将用于下电极的多余材料平坦化。 然后在平坦化的下电极上形成悬臂开关。

    Maintaining item-to-node mapping information in a distributed system
    5.
    发明申请
    Maintaining item-to-node mapping information in a distributed system 有权
    在分布式系统中维护项目到节点映射信息

    公开(公告)号：US20080177741A1

    公开(公告)日：2008-07-24

    申请号：US11657778

    申请日：2007-01-24

    申请人： Vikram Joshi ,  Alexander Tsukerman ,  Arvind Nithrakashyap ,  Jia Shi ,  Tudor Bosman

    发明人： Vikram Joshi ,  Alexander Tsukerman ,  Arvind Nithrakashyap ,  Jia Shi ,  Tudor Bosman

    IPC分类号： G06F17/30

    CPC分类号： G06F17/30557

    摘要： A method and apparatus for maintaining an item-to-node mapping among nodes in a distributed cluster is provided. Each node maintains locally-stored system-state information indicating that node's understanding of which master nodes are alive and dead. Instead of employing a global item-to-node mapping, each node acts upon a locally determined mapping based on its locally-stored system-state information. For any two nodes with the same locally-stored system-state information, the locally determined mapping is the same. A node updates its locally-stored system-state information upon detecting a node failure or receiving a message from another node indicating different locally-stored system-state information. The new locally-stored system-state information is transmitted on a need-to-know basis, and consequently nodes with different item-to-node mappings may operate concurrently. Mechanisms to avoid nodes assuming conflicting ownership of items are employed, thus allowing node failures to propagate via asynchronous messaging instead of requiring a cluster-wide synchronization event.

    摘要翻译： 提供了一种用于在分布式集群中的节点之间维护项目到节点映射的方法和装置。 每个节点维护本地存储的系统状态信息，指示节点了解哪些主节点存活和死亡。 代替采用全局项目到节点映射，每个节点基于其本地存储的系统状态信息在本地确定的映射上作用。 对于具有相同本地存储的系统状态信息的任何两个节点，本地确定的映射是相同的。 当节点检测到节点故障或从另一节点接收到指示不同的本地存储的系统状态信息的消息时，节点更新其本地存储的系统状态信息。 新的本地存储的系统状态信息是在需要知道的基础上传输的，因此具有不同项目到节点映射的节点可以同时运行。 采用避免节点假设项目所有权冲突的机制，从而允许节点故障通过异步消息传播，而不需要群集范围的同步事件。

    Anesthesia monitor, capacitance nanosensors and dynamic sensor sampling method
    6.
    发明申请
    Anesthesia monitor, capacitance nanosensors and dynamic sensor sampling method 审中-公开
    麻醉监护仪，电容式纳米传感器和动态传感器取样方法

    公开(公告)号：US20080021339A1

    公开(公告)日：2008-01-24

    申请号：US11588845

    申请日：2006-10-26

    申请人： Jean-Christophe Gabriel ,  Vikram Joshi ,  John Passmore ,  Sergei Skarupo ,  Alexander Star ,  Christian Valcke

    发明人： Jean-Christophe Gabriel ,  Vikram Joshi ,  John Passmore ,  Sergei Skarupo ,  Alexander Star ,  Christian Valcke

    IPC分类号： A61B5/08 ,  G01N31/22

    CPC分类号： A61B5/0833 ,  A61B5/097 ,  A61B5/4821 ,  A61B5/6819 ,  A61B2562/0285 ,  B82Y30/00

    摘要： Embodiments of nanoelectronic sensors are described, including sensors for detecting analytes such as anesthesia gases, CO2 and the like in human breath. An integrated monitor system and disposable sensor unit is described which permits a number of different anesthetic agents to be identified and monitored, as well as concurrent monitoring of other breath species, such as CO2. The sensor unit may be configured to be compact, light weight, and inexpensive. Wireless embodiments provide such enhancements as remote monitoring. A simulator system for modeling the contents and conditions of human inhalation and exhalation with a selected mixture of a treatment agent is also described, particularly suited to the testing of sensors to be used in airway sampling.

    摘要翻译： 描述了纳米电子传感器的实施例，包括用于在人呼吸中检测分析物例如麻醉气体，CO 2等的传感器。 描述了一种集成监视器系统和一次性传感器单元，其允许识别和监视多个不同的麻醉剂，以及对其它呼吸物质（例如CO 2）的并发监测。 传感器单元可以被配置为紧凑，重量轻并且便宜。 无线实施例提供诸如远程监视的增强。 还描述了一种用于用选定的处理剂混合物对人吸入和呼出的内容物和条件进行建模的模拟器系统，特别适合于用于气道取样的传感器的测试。

    Carbon dioxide nanosensor, and respiratory CO2 monitors
    7.
    发明申请
    Carbon dioxide nanosensor, and respiratory CO2 monitors 审中-公开
    二氧化碳纳米传感器和呼吸二氧化碳监测仪

    公开(公告)号：US20070048181A1

    公开(公告)日：2007-03-01

    申请号：US11488456

    申请日：2006-07-18

    申请人： Daniel Chang ,  Ying-Lan Chang ,  Jean-Christophe Gabriel ,  Vikram Joshi ,  William Mickelson ,  Joseph Niemann ,  John Passmore ,  Alexander Star ,  Christian Valcke

    发明人： Daniel Chang ,  Ying-Lan Chang ,  Jean-Christophe Gabriel ,  Vikram Joshi ,  William Mickelson ,  Joseph Niemann ,  John Passmore ,  Alexander Star ,  Christian Valcke

    IPC分类号： G01N31/22

    CPC分类号： G01N27/4146 ,  B82Y15/00 ,  B82Y30/00 ,  G01N33/004 ,  G01N33/497

    摘要： An electronic system and method for detecting analytes, such as carbon dioxide, is provided, using an improved nanostructure sensor (CO2 sensor). The CO2 sensor may comprise a substrate and a nanostructure, such as a one or more carbon nanotubes disposed over the substrate (e.g., as a network). One or more conductive elements may electrically communicate with the nanostructure. A counter or gate electrode may be positioned adjacent the nanostructure. A functionalization material reactive with carbon dioxide may be included, either disposed in contact with the nanostructure or isolated by a dielectric. The sensor may be connected to a circuit responsive to changes in CO2 concentration in the environment. Embodiments are described of medical sensing systems including one or more CO2 sensors. One embodiment comprises a breath sampling cannula which is connected to a sensor unit. In an alternative, the cannula permits supplemental oxygen to be administered, while recovering and measuring analytes in breath samples. The cannula may connect to a portable processor-display unit for monitoring one or more analytes, such as CO2. Another embodiment includes a cannula configured for the monitoring of sleep disorders, such as apnea, comprising one or more sensors disposed adjacent a breath sampling channel, optionally including flow rate or other sensors. The sensors may be connected by wired or wireless links for to a processor/input/display unit. Any of the embodiments may include filters, selectively permeable membranes, absorbents, and the like to precondition the breath sample, may be configured to include complementary chemistry measurements.

    摘要翻译： 提供了一种用于检测分析物（如二氧化碳）的电子系统和方法，使用改进的纳米结构传感器（CO2传感器）。 CO 2传感器可以包括衬底和纳米结构，例如设置在衬底上的一个或多个碳纳米管（例如，作为网络）。 一个或多个导电元件可以与纳米结构电连通。 计数器或栅电极可以邻近纳米结构定位。 可以包括与二氧化碳反应的官能化材料，其被设置为与纳米结构接触或通过电介质隔离。 传感器可以响应于环境中二氧化碳浓度的变化而连接到电路。 描述了包括一个或多个CO 2传感器的医学感测系统的实施例。 一个实施例包括连接到传感器单元的呼吸取样套管。 在替代方案中，套管允许补充氧气，同时在呼吸样本中回收和测量分析物。 套管可以连接到便携式处理器显示单元，用于监测一个或多个分析物，例如CO 2。 另一个实施例包括配置用于监测睡眠障碍（例如呼吸暂停）的插管，其包括邻近呼吸采样通道设置的一个或多个传感器，可选地包括流速或其它传感器。 传感器可以通过有线或无线链路连接到处理器/输入/显示单元。 任何实施方案可以包括过滤器，选择性渗透膜，吸收剂等以预处理呼吸样品，可以被配置为包括互补的化学测量。

    Ferroelectric memory and method of operating same
    9.
    发明授权
    Ferroelectric memory and method of operating same 有权
    铁电存储器和操作方法相同

    公开(公告)号：US06924997B2

    公开(公告)日：2005-08-02

    申请号：US10381235

    申请日：2001-09-25

    申请人： Zheng Chen ,  Vikram Joshi ,  Myoungho Lim ,  Carlos A. Paz de Araujo ,  Larry D. McMillan ,  Yoshihisa Kato ,  Tatsuo Otsuki ,  Yasuhiro Shimada

    发明人： Zheng Chen ,  Vikram Joshi ,  Myoungho Lim ,  Carlos A. Paz de Araujo ,  Larry D. McMillan ,  Yoshihisa Kato ,  Tatsuo Otsuki ,  Yasuhiro Shimada

    IPC分类号： G11C11/22

    CPC分类号： G11C11/22

    摘要： A ferroelectric memory 636 includes a group of memory cells (645, 12, 201, 301, 401, 501), each cell having a ferroelectric memory element (44, 218, etc.), a drive line (122, 322, 422, 522 etc.) on which a voltage for writing information to the group of memory cells is placed, a bit line (25, 49, 125, 325, 425, 525, etc.) on which information to be read out of the group of memory cells is placed, a preamplifier (20, 42, 120, 320, 420, etc.) between the memory cells and the bit line, a set switch (14, 114, 314, 414, 514, etc.) connected between the drive line and the memory cells, and a reset switch (16, 116, 316, 416, 516, etc.) connected to the memory cells in parallel with the preamplifier. The memory is read by placing a voltage less than the coercive voltage of the ferroelectric memory element across a memory element. Prior to reading, noise from the group of cells is discharged by grounding both electrodes of the ferroelectric memory element.

    摘要翻译： 铁电存储器636包括一组存储单元（645,12,21,301,401,501），每个单元具有铁电存储元件（44,218等），驱动线（122,322,422， 522等），在其上放置用于将信息写入到存储器单元组的电压，位线（25,49,125,325,425,525等），其中要从该组存储器单元读出的信息 放置存储器单元，在存储器单元和位线之间的前置放大器（20,42,120,320,420等），连接在存储器单元之间的设定开关（14,114,314,414,514等） 驱动线和存储器单元，以及与前置放大器并联连接到存储器单元的复位开关（16,116,316,416,516等）。 通过将小于铁电存储元件的矫顽电压的电压放置在存储元件上来读取存储器。 在读取之前，通过使铁电存储元件的两个电极接地来放电来自该组电池的噪声。

    Method of making layered superlattice material with ultra-thin top layer
    10.
    发明授权
    Method of making layered superlattice material with ultra-thin top layer 有权
    制作超薄顶层分层超晶格材料的方法

    公开(公告)号：US06890768B2

    公开(公告)日：2005-05-10

    申请号：US10471133

    申请日：2002-03-07

    申请人： Junichi Karaswaw ,  Vikram Joshi

    发明人： Junichi Karaswaw ,  Vikram Joshi

    IPC分类号： H01L21/02 ,  H01L21/314 ,  H01L21/316 ,  H01L21/00

    CPC分类号： H01L21/02197 ,  H01L21/022 ,  H01L21/02337 ,  H01L21/02348 ,  H01L21/31691 ,  H01L28/56

    摘要： In the manufacture of an integrated circuit memory cell, a strontium bismuth tantalate or strontium bismuth tantalum niobate thin film layer (50) is deposited on a substrate (28, 49) and a carefully controlled UV baking process is performed on the strontium bismuth tantalate layer (50) prior to the deposition of an ultra-thin bismuth tantalate layer (51). A second electrode (52) is formed on top of the ultra-thin bismuth tantalate layer (51).

    摘要翻译： 在集成电路存储单元的制造中，将钽酸铋铋或铌酸铋钽酸铋薄膜层（50）沉积在基板（28,49）上，并且对铋铋钽酸盐层进行仔细控制的UV烘烤工艺 （50）在沉积超薄铋钽酸盐层（51）之前。 第二电极（52）形成在超薄钽酸铋层（51）的顶部。