公开(公告)号：US07471291B2

公开(公告)日：2008-12-30

申请号：US11556993

申请日：2006-11-06

申请人： Arie E. Kaufman ,  Ingmar Bitter ,  Frank Dachille ,  Kevin Kreeger ,  Baoquan Chen

发明人： Arie E. Kaufman ,  Ingmar Bitter ,  Frank Dachille ,  Kevin Kreeger ,  Baoquan Chen

IPC分类号： G06T17/00

CPC分类号： G06T15/08 ,  G06T15/06 ,  G06T15/40

摘要： An apparatus and method for real-time volume processing and universal three-dimensional rendering. The apparatus includes a plurality of three-dimensional (3D) memory units; at least one pixel bus for providing global horizontal communication; a plurality of rendering pipelines; at least one geometry bus; and a control unit. The apparatus includes a block processor having a circular ray integration pipeline for processing voxel data and ray data. Rays are generally processed in image order thus permitting great flexibility (e.g., perspective projection, global illumination). The block processor includes a splatting unit and a scattering unit. A method for casting shadows and performing global illumination in relation to light sources includes sweeping a two dimensional array of rays through the volume can also be implemented with the apparatus. A method for approximating a perspective projection includes using parallel projection.

摘要翻译： 用于实时卷处理和通用三维渲染的装置和方法。 该装置包括多个三维（3D）存储器单元; 用于提供全局水平通信的至少一个像素总线; 多个渲染管线; 至少一个几何总线; 和控制单元。 该装置包括具有用于处理体素数据和射线数据的圆形射线集成管线的块处理器。 通常以图像顺序处理光线，从而允许很大的灵活性（例如，透视投影，全局照明）。 块处理器包括分散单元和散射单元。 用于投射阴影和执行与光源相关的全局照明的方法包括扫描通过该体积的二维阵列的射线也可以用该装置来实现。 用于近似透视投影的方法包括使用平行投影。

公开(公告)号：US07133041B2

公开(公告)日：2006-11-07

申请号：US10204685

申请日：2001-02-26

申请人： Arie E. Kaufman ,  Ingmar Bitter ,  Frank Dachille ,  Kevin Kreeger ,  Baoquan Chen

发明人： Arie E. Kaufman ,  Ingmar Bitter ,  Frank Dachille ,  Kevin Kreeger ,  Baoquan Chen

IPC分类号： G06T15/00

CPC分类号： G06T15/08 ,  G06T15/06 ,  G06T15/40

摘要： An apparatus and method for real-time volume processing and universal three-dimensional rendering. The apparatus includes a plurality of three-dimensional (3D) memory units; at least one pixel bus for providing global horizontal communication; a plurality of rendering pipelines; at least one geometry bus; and a control unit. The apparatus includes a block processor having a circular ray integration pipeline for processing voxel data and ray data. Rays are generally processed in image order thus permitting great flexibility (e.g., perspective projection, global illumination). The block processor includes a splatting unit and a scattering unit. A method for casting shadows and performing global illumination in relation to light sources includes sweeping a two dimensional array of rays through the volume can also be implemented with the apparatus. A method for approximating a perspective projection includes using parallel projection.

摘要翻译： 用于实时卷处理和通用三维渲染的装置和方法。 该装置包括多个三维（3D）存储器单元; 用于提供全局水平通信的至少一个像素总线; 多个渲染管线; 至少一个几何总线; 和控制单元。 该装置包括具有用于处理体素数据和射线数据的圆形射线集成管线的块处理器。 通常以图像顺序处理光线，从而允许很大的灵活性（例如，透视投影，全局照明）。 块处理器包括分散单元和散射单元。 用于投射阴影和执行与光源相关的全局照明的方法包括扫描通过该体积的二维阵列的射线也可以用该装置来实现。 用于近似透视投影的方法包括使用平行投影。

公开(公告)号：US07574024B2

公开(公告)日：2009-08-11

申请号：US10380211

申请日：2001-10-02

申请人： Ingmar Bitter ,  Ming Wan ,  Arie E. Kaufman ,  Frank Dachille ,  Kevin Kreeger ,  Zhengrong Liang ,  Mark R. Wax

发明人： Ingmar Bitter ,  Ming Wan ,  Arie E. Kaufman ,  Frank Dachille ,  Kevin Kreeger ,  Zhengrong Liang ,  Mark R. Wax

IPC分类号： G06K9/00

CPC分类号： G06T19/20 ,  G06T7/12 ,  G06T7/62 ,  G06T7/64 ,  G06T15/08 ,  G06T15/10 ,  G06T2200/04 ,  G06T2207/10072 ,  G06T2207/20044 ,  G06T2207/20132 ,  G06T2207/30028 ,  G06T2207/30061 ,  G06T2207/30172 ,  G06T2210/41 ,  G06T2219/028 ,  G06T2219/2012

摘要： In accordance with the present invention, a method for determining a centerline through a region of interest in a 3D image dataset is provided. The method includes identifying the boundaries of the region of interest and identifying the endpoints of the region of interest. For those points within the boundaries, a penalty value which is a function of the proximity of the point to a boundary is determined. A centerline is then identified by the path connecting the endpoints which has the minimum penalized distance wherein the penalized distance reflects the actual accumulated pathlength and the penalties associated with the points along the path. From the centerline, branches of a complete skeleton can be established by determining branch endpoints and then finding the minimum penalized distance from each endpoint the centerline or another intersecting branch.

摘要翻译： 根据本发明，提供了一种通过3D图像数据集中的感兴趣区域确定中心线的方法。 该方法包括识别感兴趣区域的边界并识别感兴趣区域的端点。 对于边界内的那些点，确定作为点到边界的接近度的函数的惩罚值。 然后通过连接具有最小惩罚距离的端点的路径来识别中心线，其中惩罚距离反映实际累积路径长度和与沿着路径的点相关联的惩罚。 从中心线，可以通过确定分支端点，然后从中心线或另一个相交分支的每个端点找到最小惩罚距离来建立完整骨架的分支。

公开(公告)号：US07706600B2

公开(公告)日：2010-04-27

申请号：US10380210

申请日：2001-10-02

申请人： Kevin Kreeger ,  Sarang Lakare ,  Zhenrong Liang ,  Mark R. Wax ,  Ingmar Bitter ,  Frank Dachille ,  Dongqing Chen ,  Arie E. Kaufman

发明人： Kevin Kreeger ,  Sarang Lakare ,  Zhenrong Liang ,  Mark R. Wax ,  Ingmar Bitter ,  Frank Dachille ,  Dongqing Chen ,  Arie E. Kaufman

IPC分类号： G06K9/00 ,  G06K9/36 ,  A61B5/05 ,  G06T15/00

CPC分类号： G06T19/20 ,  G06T7/12 ,  G06T7/62 ,  G06T7/64 ,  G06T15/08 ,  G06T15/10 ,  G06T2200/04 ,  G06T2207/10072 ,  G06T2207/20044 ,  G06T2207/20132 ,  G06T2207/30028 ,  G06T2207/30061 ,  G06T2207/30172 ,  G06T2210/41 ,  G06T2219/028 ,  G06T2219/2012

摘要： Virtual navigation (2255) and examination of virtual objects are enhanced using methods of insuring that an entire surface to be examined has been properly viewed. A user interface (FIG. 23) identifies regions which have not been subject to examination and provides a mechanism (2250) to route the user to these regions in the 3D display. Virtual examination is further improved by the use of measuring disks (905) to enhance quantitative measurements such as diameter, distance, volume and angle. Yet another enhancement to the virtual examination of objects is a method of electronic segmentation, or cleaning, which corrects for partial volume effects occurring in an object.

摘要翻译： 虚拟导航（2255）和虚拟对象的检查是通过确保正确观察整个被检查表面的方法得到增强。 用户界面（图23）识别未经检查的区域，并且提供将用户定向到3D显示中的这些区域的机构（2250）。 通过使用测量盘（905）进一步提高虚拟检查以增强诸如直径，距离，体积和角度的定量测量。 对物体的虚拟检查的另一个增强是电子分割或清洁的方法，其校正在对象中发生的部分体积效应。

公开(公告)号：US20070206008A1

公开(公告)日：2007-09-06

申请号：US11556993

申请日：2006-11-06

申请人： Arie Kaufman ,  Ingmar Bitter ,  Frank Dachille ,  Kevin Kreeger ,  Baoquan Chen

发明人： Arie Kaufman ,  Ingmar Bitter ,  Frank Dachille ,  Kevin Kreeger ,  Baoquan Chen

IPC分类号： G06T15/20

CPC分类号： G06T15/08 ,  G06T15/06 ,  G06T15/40

摘要： An apparatus and method for real-time volume processing and universal three-dimensional rendering. The apparatus includes a plurality of three-dimensional (3D) memory units; at least one pixel bus for providing global horizontal communication; a plurality of rendering pipelines; at least one geometry bus; and a control unit. The apparatus includes a block processor having a circular ray integration pipeline for processing voxel data and ray data. Rays are generally processed in image order thus permitting great flexibility (e.g., perspective projection, global illumination). The block processor includes a splatting unit and a scattering unit. A method for casting shadows and performing global illumination in relation to light sources includes sweeping a two dimensional array of rays through the volume can also be implemented with the apparatus. A method for approximating a perspective projection includes using parallel projection.

摘要翻译： 用于实时卷处理和通用三维渲染的装置和方法。 该装置包括多个三维（3D）存储器单元; 用于提供全局水平通信的至少一个像素总线; 多个渲染管线; 至少一个几何总线; 和控制单元。 该装置包括具有用于处理体素数据和射线数据的圆形射线集成管线的块处理器。 通常以图像顺序处理光线，从而允许很大的灵活性（例如，透视投影，全局照明）。 块处理器包括分散单元和散射单元。 用于投射阴影和执行与光源相关的全局照明的方法包括扫描通过该体积的二维阵列的射线也可以用该装置来实现。 用于近似透视投影的方法包括使用平行投影。

公开(公告)号：US06674430B1

公开(公告)日：2004-01-06

申请号：US09354876

申请日：1999-07-16

申请人： Arie Kaufman ,  Ingmar Bitter ,  Baoquan Chen ,  Frank Dachille ,  Kevin Kreeger

发明人： Arie Kaufman ,  Ingmar Bitter ,  Baoquan Chen ,  Frank Dachille ,  Kevin Kreeger

IPC分类号： G06T1700

CPC分类号： G06T15/005 ,  G06T15/08

摘要： An apparatus and method for real-time volume processing and universal three-dimensional rendering. The apparatus includes a plurality of three-dimensional (3D) memory units; at least one pixel bus for providing global horizontal communication; a plurality of rendering pipelines; at least one geometry bus; and a control unit. The plurality of rendering pipelines each preferably include hardware for interpolation, shading, FIFO buffering, communication and table lookups. The apparatus of the present invention may be coupled to a geometry pipeline for mixing surfaces, images and volumes together in a single image. A method for performing volumetric ray casting of a 3D volume includes the steps of calculating a distance along a major projection axis from a predefined viewpoint; dividing the volume into a plurality of consecutive regions having exponentially increasing bounds; casting a plurality of rays from the viewpoint through the volume; either merging two or more rays or splitting one or more rays at the region boundaries; and repeating the ray casting and merging/splitting steps until the entire volume has been processed. The apparatus and methods of the present invention achieve true real-time performance for high-resolution volume rendering, mixing surfaces and volumes in a single image, and accelerating other imaging operations, including texture mapping and image-based rendering.

摘要翻译： 用于实时卷处理和通用三维渲染的装置和方法。 该装置包括多个三维（3D）存储器单元; 用于提供全局水平通信的至少一个像素总线; 多个渲染管线; 至少一个几何总线; 和控制单元。 多个渲染管线各自优选地包括用于内插，着色，FIFO缓冲，通信和表查找的硬件。 本发明的装置可以耦合到几何管线，用于将表面，图像和体积一起在单个图像中混合。 用于执行3D体积的体积射线投射的方法包括以下步骤：从预定视点计算沿主投影轴的距离; 将体积分成具有指数增加界限的多个连续区域; 从视点投射多个光线通过该体积; 合并两个或更多个射线或在区域边界处分裂一个或多个射线; 并重复射线投射和合并/分割步骤直到整个体积被处理。 本发明的装置和方法实现了用于高分辨率体绘制，单个图像中的混合曲面和体积的真实实时性能，并且加速了包括纹理映射和基于图像的渲染的其他成像操作。

公开(公告)号：US07324104B1

公开(公告)日：2008-01-29

申请号：US10246015

申请日：2002-09-16

申请人： Ingmar Bitter ,  Arie E. Kaufman ,  Ming Wan ,  Jerome Liang ,  Mark R. Wax

发明人： Ingmar Bitter ,  Arie E. Kaufman ,  Ming Wan ,  Jerome Liang ,  Mark R. Wax

IPC分类号： G06T15/00 ,  G06T17/00 ,  G06T15/50

CPC分类号： G06T19/003 ,  G06T7/11 ,  G06T7/155 ,  G06T7/162 ,  G06T7/60 ,  G06T2207/10081 ,  G06T2207/20044 ,  G06T2207/20101 ,  G06T2207/30028 ,  G06T2207/30172 ,  G06T2210/41

摘要： Methods for generating a centerline or skeleton structure within a 3D virtual object are provided. A first method defines a centerline based on distance from boundary values along points of the defined centerline. A second method uses a distance from boundary field to assign costs to voxels in the virtual object and defines a minimum cost spanning tree based on assigned costs. The centerline is defined along the minimum cost spanning tree. Branches along the centerline are identified and added to the centerline to define a skeleton.

摘要翻译： 提供了在3D虚拟对象内生成中心线或骨架结构的方法。 第一种方法根据沿着定义的中心线的点的边界值的距离来定义中心线。 第二种方法使用距离边界字段的距离来为虚拟对象中的体素分配成本，并根据分配的成本定义最小成本生成树。 中心线沿最小成本生成树定义。 识别中心线的分支，并将其添加到中心线以定义骨架。

公开(公告)号：US5847711A

公开(公告)日：1998-12-08

申请号：US910575

申请日：1997-08-01

申请人： Arie E. Kaufman ,  Ingmar Bitter

发明人： Arie E. Kaufman ,  Ingmar Bitter

IPC分类号： G06T1/00 ,  G06T1/20 ,  G06T15/00 ,  G06T15/08 ,  G06T15/10

CPC分类号： G06T1/20 ,  G06T15/005 ,  G06T15/08 ,  G06T15/10

摘要： An apparatus and method for parallel and perspective real-time volume visualization. The method employs ray-slice-sweeping and includes the steps of selecting viewing and processing parameters; initializing a compositing buffer; sampling voxel values from a three dimensional memory buffer onto a current slice of sample points; combining the sample point values with pixels of the compositing buffer along a plurality of interstice ray segments which extend only between the current slice and an adjacent slice associated with the compositing buffer; and repeating the sampling and combining steps by subsequentially sweeping through subsequent slices of sample points parallel to the first processing slice until the last processing slice is reached. Each of the subsequent slices in turn becomes the current slice. The apparatus includes a three dimensional buffer; a pixel bus; a plurality of rendering pipelines; and a control unit. The plurality of rendering pipelines each include a first slice unit; a compositing unit; a two dimensional slice compositing buffer; and a first (preferably bilinear) interpolation unit. Sample point values are combined with pixels of the compositing buffer in the compositing unit along the plurality of interslice ray segments which extend only between a current slice contained in the slice unit and a slice contained in the two-dimensional slice compositing buffer. In the apparatus and method of the present invention, gradients are computed at voxel positions, improving accuracy and allowing for a more compact implementation with less control overhead than prior methods and apparatuses.

摘要翻译： 一种用于并行和透视实时体积可视化的装置和方法。 该方法采用射线切片扫描，包括选择观察和处理参数的步骤; 初始化合成缓冲区; 将体素值从三维存储器缓冲区采样到当前切片点上; 将样本点值与合成缓冲器的像素沿着仅在当前切片和与合成缓冲器相关联的相邻切片之间延伸的多个间隙射线段组合; 并重复采样和组合步骤，通过顺序扫描平行于第一处理片的采样点的后续片，直到达到最后一个处理片。 随后的每个切片依次成为当前切片。 该装置包括三维缓冲器; 像素总线 多个渲染管线; 和控制单元。 多个渲染管线各自包括第一切片单元; 合成单位 二维切片合成缓冲液; 和第一（最好是双线性）插值单元。 样本点值与合成单元中的合成缓冲器的像素沿着仅在片单元中包含的当前切片和仅包含在二维切片合成缓冲器中的切片之间延伸的多个切片射线段组合。 在本发明的装置和方法中，在体素位置计算梯度，提高精度并允许以比现有方法和装置更少的控制开销进行更紧凑的实现。

公开(公告)号：US20050228250A1

公开(公告)日：2005-10-13

申请号：US10496435

申请日：2002-11-21

申请人： Ingmar Bitter ,  Wei Li ,  Michael Meissner ,  Frank Dachille ,  Soren Grimm ,  George Economos

发明人： Ingmar Bitter ,  Wei Li ,  Michael Meissner ,  Frank Dachille ,  Soren Grimm ,  George Economos

IPC分类号： A61B6/03 ,  A61B17/00 ,  A61B17/22 ,  A61B19/00 ,  A61B5/05

CPC分类号： G01S7/52074 ,  A61B5/02007 ,  A61B6/032 ,  A61B6/037 ,  A61B6/463 ,  A61B6/503 ,  A61B6/504 ,  A61B6/5235 ,  A61B6/5247 ,  A61B8/468 ,  A61B8/5238 ,  A61B17/22 ,  A61B34/20 ,  A61B34/25 ,  A61B2017/00243 ,  A61B2034/105 ,  A61B2034/254 ,  A61B2034/256 ,  A61B2090/365 ,  G01S7/52073 ,  G01S7/52084 ,  G01S15/8993

摘要： A user interface (90) comprises an image area that is divided into a plurality of views for viewing corresponding 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional images of an anatomical region. Tool control panes (95-101) can be simultaneously opened and accessible. The segmentation pane (98) enables automatic segmentation of components of a displayed image within a user-specified intensity range or based on a predetermined intensity

摘要翻译： 用户界面（90）包括被分成用于观察解剖区域的对应的二维和三维图像的多个视图的图像区域。 工具控制面板（95 - 101）可以同时打开和访问。 分割窗格（98）使得能够在用户指定的强度范围内或基于预定强度自动分割显示图像的分量

公开(公告)号：US07012603B2

公开(公告)日：2006-03-14

申请号：US10301036

申请日：2002-11-21

申请人： Dongqing Chen ,  Ingmar Bitter

发明人： Dongqing Chen ,  Ingmar Bitter

IPC分类号： G06T15/00

CPC分类号： G06T11/008 ,  G06T2211/412

摘要： An apparatus and method are provided for motion artifact detection and correction, where an apparatus includes a scanning device for receiving two-dimensional image slices of an object, a rendering device in signal communication with the scanning device for rendering a three-dimensional volume representation of the two-dimensional image slices, and a correction device in signal communication with the rendering device for correcting motion artifacts within the three-dimensional volume representation; and a corresponding method for detecting motion artifacts within scan data of a region comprising an object includes creating a three-dimensional representation with volume elements of the region based on the scan data, analyzing the volume elements along a boundary of the object, and determining the existence of a motion artifact in response to the analyzing.