摘要:
An intervertebral implant (1) with a hollow cylindrical shape is provided with an outer thread (2) for screwing the implant into the intermediate space between two adjacent vertebrae. The implant (1) is provided with openings (3) in its wall through which bone can grow into the implant (1), with the implant (1) being manufactured of a material which is transparent for X-rays.
摘要:
The method for the manufacture of sections of fiber-plastic compound materials is carried out by means of at least one draw nozzle (10). In this nozzle, fibers (41) which are impregnated with flowable plastic (42) are formed under pressure to a product (41) with a predetermined cross-section and consolidated with the withdrawal of heat. The cross-sectional surface of the draw nozzle is periodically increased and decreased in time in its entire shape imparting region, with a value for the frequency of the oscillating cross-sectional surface being chosen less than 1 kHz, preferably less than 100 Hz.
摘要:
The method for the manufacture of unidirectionally fiber reinforced thermoplastic bands comprises a pressure impregnation of a fiber strand in a bath with a dispersion of thermoplastic particles. Heat treatments for the drying of the strand and a melting on of the particles taken up by the strand follow the pressure impregnation. The strand is drawn through the bath at a predetermined draw-off speed about a plurality of deflection elements. The dispersion of the bath is largely held in a stationary state, namely through the supply of an infeed dispersion with a first particle concentration and through an initial setting of a second particle concentration in the bath: The infeed dispersion is fed in continuously or periodically, with the first particle concentration being held constant. A corresponding feeding in of a dispersion of higher particle concentrations as well as an additional amount of dispersing medium is possible. The second particle concentration is set to a value which remains constant through an automatic self-setting alone. In this the two named concentrations depend in an empirically determinable manner on a thermoplastic content of the band to be achieved and on the draw-off speed.
摘要:
The method for the manufacture of sections of fiber-plastic compound materials is carried out by means of at least one draw nozzle (10). In this nozzle, fibers (41) which are impregnated with flowable plastic (42) are formed under pressure to a product (41) with a predetermined cross-section and consolidated with the withdrawal of heat. The cross-sectional surface of the draw nozzle is periodically increased and decreased in time in its entire shape imparting region, with a value for the frequency of the oscillating cross-sectional surface being chosen less that 1 kHz, preferably less than 100 Hz.
摘要:
The invention relates to a method for supplying an internal combustion engine with conditioned combustion gas, involving the supply of humidity and/or temperature-conditioned combustion gas. The aim of this method is to largely enable the combustion air to be reliably and constantly conditioned even in dynamic operating conditions. To this end, an essentially constant and fully conditioned quantity of combustion gas is provided at each instant, the quantity corresponding to at least the maximum quantity required by the respective internal combustion engine. The invention also relates to a method for determining the quantities of pollutants in the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine by diluting the exhaust gases using a diluent gas of a known composition. In order to enable the exhaust gases to be diluted in a precisely defined manner, and thus to precisely determine the quantities of pollutants, simply and reliably, an essentially constant and fully conditioned quantity of humidity and/or temperature-conditioned combustion gas is supplied at each instant, the quantity corresponding to at least the maximum quantity required by the respective internal combustion engine, and the exhaust gases are diluted with the quantity of combustion gas which is not used by the internal combustion engine. The invention also relates to devices for carrying out the two methods cited, each comprising a supply line (15) to the internal combustion engine (1), for the humidity and/or temperature-conditioned combustion gas, at least one measuring point (30) for determining the concentration of pollutants, and a determination device (32, 33; 41, 42) for the flow of a gas, said determination device comprising a passage (15) for a diluent gas of a known composition. the devices are characterized in that the supply line or supply passage (15) is designed for at least the maximum quantity of combustion gas required by the respective internal combustion engine (1), and a suction pipe (2) which can be connected to the internal combustion engine (1) branches off from the supply line (15).
摘要:
In a method of measuring exhaust gas of internal combustion engines, preferably in test benches, through the use of CVS (constant value sampling) full-flow systems, the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine is mixed with combustion gas, preferably air, and the volume flow or mass flow of the combustion air is determined by the CVS full-flow system. This mass flow exceeds thereby the maximum quantity of combustion air needed by the internal combustion engine. An essentially constant and fully conditioned quantity of humidity-conditioned and/or temperature-conditioned combustion gas is fed into the internal combustion engine at any time, whereby this quantity is at least equal to the maximum quantity needed by the internal combustion engine, and whereby combustion gas not needed is fed into the CVS full-flow system, and a pre-determinable set pressure value is adjusted for the combustion gas upstream from the CVS full-flow system and also upstream from the point of conditioning of the combustion gas to be able to use the CVS full-flow systems increasing control dynamics without considerable effects on the entire control system and to avoid thereby dilution of the engine exhaust gases upstream from the CVS full-flow system. An essentially constant and fully conditioned quantity of humidity-conditioned and/or temperature-conditioned combustion gas can possibly be fed at any time into the CVS full-flow system, whereby fully conditioned combustion gas is drawn from the CVS full-flow system upstream from the mixing area to be used by the internal combustion engine.
摘要:
A tank filter insert having a filter insert housing having at least one inlet and at least one outlet; a filter device for filtering the liquid stored in the tank; and a heating device, which heats the housing at least in the region of the at least one inlet, the at least one outlet, and the filter device.
摘要:
A tank filter insert having a filter insert housing having at least one inlet and at least one outlet; a filter device for filtering the liquid stored in the tank; and a heating device, which heats the housing at least in the region of the at least one inlet, the at least one outlet, and the filter device.
摘要:
In a method of measuring exhaust gas of internal combustion engines, preferably in test benches, through the use of CVS (constant value sampling) full-flow systems, the exhaust gas of the internal combustion engine is mixed with combustion gas, preferably air, and the volume flow or mass flow of the combustion air is determined by the CVS full-flow system. This mass flow exceeds thereby the maximum quantity of combustion air needed by the internal combustion engine. An essentially constant and fully conditioned quantity of humidity-conditioned and/or temperature-conditioned combustion gas is fed into the internal combustion engine at any time, whereby this quantity is at least equal to the maximum quantity needed by the internal combustion engine, and whereby combustion gas not needed is fed into the CVS full-flow system, and a pre-determinable set pressure value is adjusted for the combustion gas upstream from the CVS full-flow system and also upstream from the point of conditioning of the combustion gas to be able to use the CVS full-flow systems increasing control dynamics without considerable effects on the entire control system and to avoid thereby dilution of the engine exhaust gases upstream from the CVS full-flow system. An essentially constant and fully conditioned quantity of humidity-conditioned and/or temperature-conditioned combustion gas can possibly be fed at any time into the CVS full-flow system, whereby fully conditioned combustion gas is drawn from the CVS full-flow system upstream from the mixing area to be used by the internal combustion engine.
摘要:
A method and apparatus for determining the quantities of pollutants in the exhaust gases of internal combustion engines wherein an essentially constant and fully conditioned quantity of humidity and/or temperature-conditioned combustion gas is supplied to the internal combustion engine at each instant whose quantity corresponds to at least the maximum quantity required by the respective combustion engine, wherein the exhaust gas is diluted with the quantity of combustion gas not used by the combustion engine, and then tested relative to quantities of pollutants and flow rate.