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    System for gated detection of optical pulses containing a small number of photons using an avalanche photodiode
    1.
    发明授权
    System for gated detection of optical pulses containing a small number of photons using an avalanche photodiode 有权
    用于使用雪崩光电二极管包含少量光子的光脉冲进行门控检测的系统

    公开(公告)号：US06218657B1

    公开(公告)日：2001-04-17

    申请号：US09172759

    申请日：1998-10-15

    申请人： Donald S. Bethune ,  Ralph G. Devoe ,  Christian Kurtsiefer ,  Charles T. Rettner ,  William P. Risk

    发明人： Donald S. Bethune ,  Ralph G. Devoe ,  Christian Kurtsiefer ,  Charles T. Rettner ,  William P. Risk

    IPC分类号： H01J4014

    CPC分类号： G01J1/46

    摘要： An avalanche-type detector circuit includes an avalanche-type photon detector device, a coupling capacitor, a bias network, a first transmission line and a second transmission line. The coupling capacitor has a first terminal that is coupled to a first terminal of the avalanche-type photon detector device. A first terminal of the bias network is coupled to the first terminal of the avalanche-type photon detector device, while a second terminal of the bias network is coupled to a bias voltage so that the avalanche-type photon detector device is reverse biased. A first end of the first transmission line is coupled to a second terminal of the coupling capacitor, and second end of the first transmission line is terminated by an open-circuit termination. A first end of the second transmission line is coupled to a second terminal of the avalanche-type photon detector device. The second end of the second transmission line is terminated by a short-circuit termination. A bias pulse voltage Vpulse is coupled to the second terminal of the coupling capacitor such that the bias pulse voltage reverse biases the avalanche-type photon detector device to be greater than a reverse breakdown voltage Vbr of the avalanche-type photon detector device during a duration of the bias pulse voltage Vpulse. A round-trip propagation delay along the first transmission line is substantially equal to a round-trip propagation delay along the second transmission line.

    摘要翻译： 雪崩型检测器电路包括雪崩型光子检测器装置，耦合电容器，偏置网络，第一传输线和第二传输线。 耦合电容器具有耦合到雪崩型光子检测器装置的第一端子的第一端子。 偏置网络的第一端子耦合到雪崩型光子检测器装置的第一端子，而偏置网络的第二端子耦合到偏置电压，使得雪崩型光子检测器装置被反向偏置。 第一传输线的第一端耦合到耦合电容器的第二端，并且第一传输线的第二端由开路端接终止。 第二传输线的第一端耦合到雪崩型光子检测器装置的第二端。 第二传输线的第二端由短路端接终止。 偏置脉冲电压Vpulse耦合到耦合电容器的第二端子，使得偏置脉冲电压在雪橇型光子检测器装置的持续时间内将雪崩型光子检测器装置反向偏置为大于雪崩型光子检测器装置的反向击穿电压Vbr 的偏置脉冲电压Vpulse。 沿着第一传输线的往返传播延迟基本上等于沿着第二传输线的往返传播延迟。

    Time-resolved infrared spectral photography
    3.
    发明授权
    Time-resolved infrared spectral photography 失效
    时间分辨红外光谱摄影

    公开(公告)号：US4243881A

    公开(公告)日：1981-01-06

    申请号：US84245

    申请日：1979-10-12

    申请人： Donald S. Bethune ,  John R. Lankard ,  Michael M. Loy ,  Peter P. Sorokin

    发明人： Donald S. Bethune ,  John R. Lankard ,  Michael M. Loy ,  Peter P. Sorokin

    IPC分类号： G01J3/44 ,  H01S3/30 ,  G01J1/00

    CPC分类号： G01J3/44 ,  H01S3/305

    摘要： An intense broadband continuum light pulse of uniform spectral intensity and short time duration is generated. This continuum pulse is then downconverted in frequency to a region of interest, preferably in the infrared region, by applying it as a pump pulse to a molecular or atomic vapor so as to induce stimulated Raman scattering. The resulting Raman Stokes pulse surprisingly tends to have the same spectral bandwidth, intensity uniformity and time duration as the pump continuum pulse.The downconverted continuum pulse (the Raman Stokes pulse) is then used to probe a sample. The sample converts the uniform spectral intensity distribution of the probe pulse into a nonuniform spectral intensity distribution which contains the absorption spectrum of the sample. This spectrum pulse has the same spectral bandwidth and time duration as the Raman Stokes pulse and is finally upconverted in frequency to a region where the spectrum pulse can be conveniently recorded. This is done with a four-wave Raman mixing process in an alkali metal vapor. The vapor is simultaneously pumped with the spectrum pulse and with a second pumping light pulse (or beam) having a frequency in the vicinity of a suitable resonance line of the vapor so as to induce SERS. In the alkali metal vapor, the resulting Raman Stokes pulse and spectrum pulse beat together with the second pumping light pulse to produce an upconverted pulse at a higher frequency band, which surprisingly also tends to have the same spectral bandwidth, intensity distribution (spectrum) and time duration as the spectrum pulse. The upconverted pulse is then recorded either photographically or photoelectrically with conventional spectrographic apparatus.

    摘要翻译： 产生具有均匀光谱强度和短持续时间的强烈的宽带连续光脉冲。 然后将该连续脉冲通过将其作为泵浦脉冲施加到分子或原子蒸气以便引起受激拉曼散射，从而频率下降到感兴趣区域，优选在红外区域。 所产生的拉曼斯托克斯脉冲令人惊奇地倾向于具有与泵连续脉冲相同的光谱带宽，强度均匀性和持续时间。 然后将下变频的连续脉冲（拉曼斯托克斯脉冲）用于探测样品。 样本将探针脉冲的均匀光谱强度分布转换成包含样品的吸收光谱的不均匀光谱强度分布。 该光谱脉冲具有与拉曼斯托克斯脉冲相同的光谱带宽和持续时间，并且最终以频率上变频到可以方便记录频谱脉冲的区域。 这是通过碱金属蒸气中的四波拉曼混合过程完成的。 蒸气同时用光谱脉冲泵浦并且具有在蒸汽的合适共振线附近具有频率的第二泵浦光脉冲（或光束），以引起SERS。 在碱金属蒸气中，所得到的拉曼斯托克斯脉冲和频谱脉冲与第二泵浦光脉冲一起拍击，以产生在较高频带上的上变频脉冲，令人惊奇地也趋向于具有相同的光谱带宽，强度分布（光谱）和 持续时间作为频谱脉冲。 然后用传统的光谱仪记录上变频脉冲的照相或光电。

    BACKEND OF LINE (BEOL) COMPATIBLE HIGH CURRENT DENSITY ACCESS DEVICE FOR HIGH DENSITY ARRAYS OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
    6.
    发明申请
    BACKEND OF LINE (BEOL) COMPATIBLE HIGH CURRENT DENSITY ACCESS DEVICE FOR HIGH DENSITY ARRAYS OF ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 有权
    线（BEOL）的兼容高电流密度访问设备用于电子元件的高密度阵列

    公开(公告)号：US20110227023A1

    公开(公告)日：2011-09-22

    申请号：US12727746

    申请日：2010-03-19

    申请人： Donald S. Bethune ,  Kailash Gopalakrishnan ,  Andrew J. Kellock ,  Rohit S. Shenoy

    发明人： Donald S. Bethune ,  Kailash Gopalakrishnan ,  Andrew J. Kellock ,  Rohit S. Shenoy

    IPC分类号： H01L45/00

    CPC分类号： H01L45/00 ,  H01L27/2409 ,  H01L45/06 ,  H01L45/1233

    摘要： A device is disclosed having a M8XY6 layer sandwiched in between a first conductive layer on the top and a second conductive layer on the bottom, wherein (i) M includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Li, and Zn, (ii) X includes at least one Group XIV element, and (iii) Y includes at least one Group XVI element. Also disclosed is a device comprising: an MaXbYc material contacted on opposite sides by respective layers of conductive material, wherein: (i) M includes at least one element selected from the group consisting of Cu, Ag, Li, and Zn, (ii) X includes at least one Group XIV element, and (iii) Y includes at least one Group XVI element, and wherein a is in the range of 48-60 atomic percent, b is in the range of 4-10 atomic percent, c is in the range of 30-45 atomic percent, and a+b+c is at least 90 atomic percent.

    摘要翻译： 公开了一种器件，其具有夹在顶部的第一导电层和底部的第二导电层之间的M8XY6层，其中（i）M包括选自由Cu，Ag，Li和 Zn，（ii）X包括至少一种XIV族，和（iii）Y包括至少一个XVI族。 还公开了一种装置，包括：MaXbYc材料，在相对侧通过相应的导电材料层接触，其中：（i）M包括选自由Cu，Ag，Li和Zn组成的组中的至少一种元素，（ii） X包括至少一个第XIV族元素，和（iii）Y包括至少一个第ⅩⅥ族元素，并且其中a在48-60原子百分比的范围内，b在4-10原子百分比的范围内，c是 在30-45原子％的范围内，a + b + c为至少90原子％。

    Apparatus for four side transverse irradiation of a region
    9.
    发明授权
    Apparatus for four side transverse irradiation of a region 失效
    用于区域的四侧横向照射的装置

    公开(公告)号：US4380076A

    公开(公告)日：1983-04-12

    申请号：US221599

    申请日：1980-12-31

    申请人： Donald S. Bethune

    发明人： Donald S. Bethune

    IPC分类号： G02B17/00 ,  F24S23/77 ,  G02B19/00 ,  G02B27/00 ,  H01S3/02 ,  H01S3/091 ,  H01S3/0915 ,  H01S3/094 ,  H01S3/20 ,  H01S3/213

    CPC分类号： H01S3/022 ,  F24J2/16 ,  H01S3/094 ,  H01S3/20 ,  Y02E10/40

    摘要： A right angle corner reflector is used to reflect different parts of a single incident collimated radiation beam such that a cylindrical region is equally irradiated transversely from four directions. The cylindrical region is positioned such that rays which strike the intersection of the corner reflector surfaces are tangent to the side of the cylindrical region. The cylindrical region is spaced from the corner reflector such that one quarter of the radiation incident upon the cylindrical region strikes the region directly, one quarter is first reflected from one of the corner reflector surfaces, one quarter is first reflected from the other corner reflector surface, and one quarter is reflected from first one and then the other corner reflector surface before striking the cylindrical region.

    摘要翻译： 直角角反射器用于反射单个入射准直辐射束的不同部分，使得圆柱形区域从四个方向横向照射。 圆柱形区域被定位成使得撞击角部反射器表面的交叉点的光线与圆柱形区域的侧面相切。 圆柱形区域与角反射器间隔开，使得入射在圆柱形区域上的四分之一的辐射直接冲击该区域，四分之一首先从一个角反射器表面反射，四分之一首先从另一个角反射器表面反射 并且四分之一在撞击圆柱形区域之前从第一个反射器反射到另一个角反射器表面。