摘要:
An observation apparatus of the present comprises (i) a light source for generating light; (ii) a separating optical system which splits the light from the light source into two different polarized light beams; (iii) a condenser optical system which converges the two polarized light beams from the separating optical system so as to respectively form light spots on two different positions on a sample object; (iv) a polarization selecting means which has a predetermined analyzer angle and selects a specific polarized light component from composite light made of the two polarized light beams by way of the sample object; (v) light detecting means which detects the polarized light component selected by the polarization selecting means; and (vi) phase difference adjustment means which adjusts a phase difference between the two polarized light beams by way of the sample object and guides composite light composed of the two polarized light beams as circularly polarized light to the polarization selecting means, when the sample object does not modulate both phase and amplitude of the light incident thereon. Accordingly, this observation apparatus can detect a phase difference generated between the two light components respectively emitted from both side of a level difference on the sample object.
摘要:
A minute step measuring method comprises forming a laser spot on an object by condensing light from a laser light source, condensing light beams from the object on an end face of a double-mode waveguide, branching light propagating in the double-mode waveguide into two channel waveguides, detecting light beams emerging from the two channel waveguides, and measuring a minute step existing on the object, using a signal of a difference and a signal of a sum between two signals according to the two light beams detected, wherein measurement is conducted of a signal W.sub.a of the sum when the laser spot is located on one of two flat portions existing before and after the step, and of a signal W.sub.b of the sum when the laser spot is located on the other flat portion, and wherein the step is measured by correcting a difference between reflectivities of the two flat portions existing before and after the step in measuring the minute step, using the signals W.sub.a and W.sub.b.
摘要:
An optical recording medium includes a substrate, first information for modulating a phase of read light radiated on the substrate, and second information for modulating an amplitude of the read light radiated on the substrate. The first information and the second information are arranged in parallel to each other on the substrate in a predetermined arrangement direction. A method and apparatus for performing reproduction using this medium are also disclosed. The method includes the step of radiating read light on the optical recording medium in which the first information for modulating the phase of the read light and the second information for modulating the amplitude of the read light are recorded, the step of receiving light through the optical recording medium, the detection step of independently detecting phase modulation information and amplitude modulation information of the optical recording medium using the received light, and the step of reproducing the first information and the second information from the information in the detection step.
摘要:
A confocal laser scanning mode interferene contrast microscope comprises a laser source, an illuminating optical system for condensing a light beam from the laser source and forming a light spot on an object to be examined, a condensing optical system for condensing the light beam from the object to be examined on a detecting surface, a detecting device for detecting the light beam condensed on the detecting surface, the detecting device having a substrate formed with a channel waveguide and two light detecting elements, the channel waveguide having a double mode channel waveguide having an entrance end surface on the detecting surface and a waveguide fork which forks the double mode channel waveguide into two channel waveguides, the two detecting elements detecting lights propagated through the two channel waveguides, a scanning device for moving the object to be examined and the light spot relative to each other, and a signal processing device for producing differential information of the object to be examined by the detection signals of the detecting elements.
摘要:
A communication apparatus is provided including a display unit, a storage unit capable of storing therein display condition information in which a display instruction for causing the display unit to perform display processing or a non-display instruction for not allowing the display unit to perform the display processing is set, and a short distance wireless communication control unit for controlling a connection establishment communication with a communication party by a communication system based on electric field coupling or magnetic field coupling and data communication with the communication party by the communication system. The short distance wireless communication control unit judges whether the non-display instruction is set in the display condition information stored in the storage unit, and does not make the data communication with the communication party when judging that the non-display instruction is set, the communication control unit.
摘要:
A wireless communication system includes a data transmitter, having an image pickup device, and a plurality of data receivers, for performing interactive wireless data communications between the data transmitter and each of the data receivers. The data transmitter includes a display for displaying an image of a data receiver photographed by the image pickup device, from among the plurality of data receivers, a data transmission destination recognizer, a directional antenna controller for directing a directional antenna to the data receiver recognized as a transmission destination of transmission data by the data transmission destination recognizer, a command transmitter for transmitting a communication designation command to the data receiver, and a device address storage for storing a device address of the data receiver. The data receiver includes a command receiver, and an ACK transmitter.
摘要:
A wireless communication system performs high-speed and low-speed transmission of information signals for short-distance communication and long-distance communication by using a short spread code and a long spread code, respectively. A wireless transmission unit includes an interface, a buffer, a spreading processor, a UWB wireless transmitter, a controller, a data memory, and an antenna. The controller detects the entry of information signal into the buffer, and then determines the transmission rate depending on the state of wireless linkage and indicates the determined transmission rate to the spreading processor.
摘要:
An exposure mask for exposing a photosensitive resist layer formed on the surface of a substrate having an element so that the resist layer remains in the shape of an ABS pattern includes a mark provided within a light transmission section for exposure. The mark determines a relative position between the substrate and the light transmission section on the basis of the element. An exposure method using the exposure mask includes the steps of: determining a relative position between the substrate and the light transmission section on the basis of the element by the mark provided within the light transmission section of the exposure mask; exposing the photosensitive resist layer on the surface of the substrate through the light transmission section of the exposure mask; and developing the exposed photosensitive resist layer so that the resist layer is left in the shape of the ABS pattern.
摘要:
An optical waveguide device formed by a material showing anisotropy for refraction index and an optical instrument using the same device. The device comprises an electro-optic single crystal substrate on which are formed a first core portion higher in refractive index than the substrate with respect to both ordinary and extraordinary rays and a second core portion higher in refractive index than the substrate with respect to extraordinary rays pnly whereby the first core portion forms a single-moded waveguide for ordinary rays, and the overlapping region of the first and second core portions forms a double-moded waveguide for extraordinary rays. This optical waveguide device is used in place of a pinhole elementin an optical system of a confocal scanning optical microscopeso as to guide illuminating light to an object to be detected and to guide the reflected light from the object into a detector. This microscope includes a polarization conversion element for converting the polarizing direction of the illuminating light to one different from that of reflected light. The optical waveguide device functions as a single-moded waveguide for the illuminating light and as a double-moded waveguide for the reflected light.
摘要:
A BPSK demodulator having a compound phase locked loop, such as a Costas loop, is disclosed. An in-phase component, signal SI from a Costas loop demodulating section 10 is converted by a symmetrical binary-valued signal forming converting circuit 21 into binary-valued signals, while a quadrature signal component SQ from the demodulating section 10 is also converted by a non-symmetrical binary-valued signal forming converting circuit 22 into binary-valued signals. The outputs of the circuits 21, 22 are supplied to a flip-flop 23 as its data input and its clock input, respectively. An output of flip-flop 23 is integrated by an integrating circuit 25. A CPU 28 decides whether or not an integrated value from integrating circuit 25 exceeds a predetermined threshold value TH to decide whether or not the Costas loop demodulating section 10 is in the locked state. In this manner, the locked state can be detected by a simplified constitution, while a pseudo-locked state may also be detected.