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    Switching element having an expanding waveguide core
    1.
    发明授权
    Switching element having an expanding waveguide core 失效
    开关元件具有扩展的波导芯

    公开(公告)号：US5960131A

    公开(公告)日：1999-09-28

    申请号：US18772

    申请日：1998-02-04

    申请人： Julie E. Fouquet ,  David K. Donald ,  Datong Chen ,  Kok Wai Chang

    发明人： Julie E. Fouquet ,  David K. Donald ,  Datong Chen ,  Kok Wai Chang

    IPC分类号： H01B11/00 ,  G02B6/28 ,  G02B6/30 ,  G02B6/35 ,  G02B6/36 ,  G02B26/02 ,  G02B26/08 ,  G02B6/26

    CPC分类号： G02B6/3538 ,  G02B26/004 ,  G02B6/305 ,  G02B6/3546 ,  G02B6/3568 ,  G02B6/3596 ,  G02B6/3636 ,  G02B6/3652

    摘要： A switching element that selectively couples a first optical path to a second optical path through an index-matching fluid includes a tapering region along each of the optical paths to achieve high coupling efficiency at both ends of substrate waveguides that form portions of the two optical paths. The two substrate waveguides are separated by a gap that is filled with the index-matching fluid in order to optically couple the two waveguides. The ends of the waveguides located at the gap have relatively large cross sectional areas to promote high coupling efficiency across the gap. For example, the cross sectional dimensions may be approximately 16 .mu.m.times.8 .mu.m at the interior ends of the two substrate waveguides. On the other hand, the exterior ends have significantly smaller cross sectional areas in order to promote high coupling efficiency to optical fibers. For example, the cross sectional dimensions of an external end may be 8 .mu.m.times.8 .mu.m. The substrate waveguides are adiabatically tapered in order to inhibit reflection. In another embodiment, the tapering regions of the two optical paths are formed along the optical fibers, rather than along the substrate waveguides.

    摘要翻译： 通过折射率匹配流体选择性地将第一光路耦合到第二光路的开关元件包括沿着每个光路的逐渐变细的区域，以在形成两个光路的部分的衬底波导的两端处实现高的耦合效率 。 两个衬底波导被填充有折射率匹配流体的间隙分开，以便光耦合两个波导。 位于间隙处的波导的端部具有相对较大的横截面积，以促进间隙上的高耦合效率。 例如，在两个基板波导的内端处的横截面尺寸可以为大约16μm×50μm。 另一方面，为了促进光纤的高耦合效率，外端具有明显较小的横截面积。 例如，外端的横截面尺寸可以是8m×8μm。 衬底波导是绝热的锥形以抑制反射。 在另一个实施例中，沿着光纤而不是沿着衬底波导形成两个光路的渐缩区域。

    Total internal reflection optical switches employing thermal activation
    2.
    发明授权
    Total internal reflection optical switches employing thermal activation 失效
    全内反射光开关采用热激活

    公开(公告)号：US5699462A

    公开(公告)日：1997-12-16

    申请号：US663503

    申请日：1996-06-14

    申请人： Julie E. Fouquet ,  Phillip W. Barth ,  Kok-Wai Chang ,  Leslie A. Field ,  Eric G. Hanson ,  Long Yang ,  David K. Donald

    发明人： Julie E. Fouquet ,  Phillip W. Barth ,  Kok-Wai Chang ,  Leslie A. Field ,  Eric G. Hanson ,  Long Yang ,  David K. Donald

    IPC分类号： G02B26/08 ,  G02B6/35 ,  G02B26/02 ,  G02F1/19 ,  G02F1/313 ,  G02F1/00

    CPC分类号： G02B26/004 ,  G02B6/3538 ,  G02B6/3546 ,  G02B6/3576 ,  G02B6/3584 ,  G02B6/3596

    摘要： A switching element defines a transmitting state and a reflecting state for a pair of intersecting waveguides that have a gap at their intersection. In the preferred embodiment, the switching element exhibits total internal reflection at the gap sidewall from one waveguide to the other when not in the transmitting state. In the transmitting state, index-matching liquid fills the gap, enabling light to continue in the original waveguide direction. The switching element may use ink jet techniques or bubble techniques to displace index-matching liquid. The index-matching fluid may be projected from a gap between the waveguides by a jet mechanism, or a vapor or dissolved gas bubble may be formed to fill the gap between the waveguides to provide the reflecting state for the switching element. Using either of the techniques, heaters are employed to initiate the switching operation. In some embodiments, more than one heater is utilized. In the preferred embodiment, waveguides are formed on one substrate and heaters are formed on another. Then the substrates are aligned and bonded together to position the heaters in very close proximity to the intersection between the waveguides. Preferably, the switching element is one element in a matrix of such elements for routing signals between arrays of input and output waveguides.

    摘要翻译： 开关元件限定了在其交叉点处具有间隙的一对相交波导的发射状态和反射状态。 在优选实施例中，当不处于发送状态时，开关元件在从一个波导到另一个波导的间隙侧壁处呈现全内反射。 在透射状态下，折射率匹配液体填充间隙，使光能够沿原始波导方向继续。 开关元件可以使用喷墨技术或气泡技术来移位折射率匹配液体。 折射率匹配流体可以通过喷射机构从波导之间的间隙突出，或者可以形成蒸气或溶解的气泡以填充波导之间的间隙，以提供开关元件的反射状态。 使用这些技术之一，采用加热器来启动切换操作。 在一些实施例中，使用多于一个的加热器。 在优选实施例中，在一个基板上形成波导，另一个形成加热器。 然后将基板对准并结合在一起，以将加热器定位在非常接近波导之间的交叉点处。 优选地，开关元件是用于在输入和输出波导阵列之间路由信号的这种元件的矩阵中的一个元件。

    Total internal reflection optical switch
    3.
    发明授权
    Total internal reflection optical switch 有权
    全内反射光开关

    公开(公告)号：US06320994B1

    公开(公告)日：2001-11-20

    申请号：US09470878

    申请日：1999-12-22

    申请人： David K. Donald ,  Julie E. Fouquet ,  Mark A. Troll

    发明人： David K. Donald ,  Julie E. Fouquet ,  Mark A. Troll

    IPC分类号： G02B626

    CPC分类号： G02B6/3536 ,  G02B6/3546 ,  G02B6/3574 ,  G02B6/3576 ,  G02B6/3596 ,  G02B26/004

    摘要： An optical switch that is constructed on a substrate having first and second waveguides that intersect at a gap having a predetermined width. The first and second waveguides are positioned such that light traversing the first waveguide enters the second waveguide when the gap is filled with a liquid having a first index of refraction. The gap is part of a trench in the substrate having a first region that includes the gap and a second region adjacent to the first region. The second region has a width greater than the width of the first region. A liquid having the first index of refraction is disposed in the first region. The liquid generates a gas when heated to a predetermined temperature. A first heater is disposed in the first region for heating the liquid to the predetermined temperature thereby generating a gas bubble in the liquid at the gap. Light traversing the first waveguide is reflected by the gap when the gap is filled with a gas. To change the switch into the non-reflecting state, the bubble is displaced to the second region of the trench, in response to a control signal. The displacement mechanism can be constructed from a second heater having a portion thereof located in the first region between the first heater and the second region. The displacement mechanism can also be constructed from a mechanism that applies a pressure differential across the first region thereby causing the bubble to partially extend into the second region. A third waveguide having an end terminating on the trench can also be included in the optical switch. The third waveguide is positioned such that light traversing the first waveguide enters the third waveguide when the gap is not filled with liquid.

    摘要翻译： 一种光学开关，其构造在具有在具有预定宽度的间隙相交的第一和第二波导的基板上。 第一和第二波导被定位成使得当间隙填充有具有第一折射率的液体时，穿过第一波导的光进入第二波导。 间隙是衬底中具有包括间隙的第一区域和与第一区域相邻的第二区域的沟槽的一部分。 第二区域的宽度大于第一区域的宽度。 具有第一折射率的液体设置在第一区域中。 当加热至预定温度时，液体产生气体。 第一加热器设置在第一区域中，用于将液体加热至预定温度，从而在间隙处在液体中产生气泡。 当间隙充满气体时，穿过第一波导的光被间隙反射。 为了将开关变为非反射状态，响应于控制信号，气泡移动到沟槽的第二区域。 位移机构可以由具有位于第一加热器和第二区域之间的第一区域中的一部分的第二加热器构成。 位移机构还可以由跨越第一区域施加压差的机构构成，从而使气泡部分延伸到第二区域。 具有端接在沟槽上的端部的第三波导也可以包括在光开关中。 定位第三波导，使得当间隙未填充液体时，穿过第一波导的光进入第三波导。

    Capillary fluid switch with asymmetric bubble chamber
    5.
    发明授权
    Capillary fluid switch with asymmetric bubble chamber 失效
    具有不对称气泡室的毛细管流体开关

    公开(公告)号：US06360775B1

    公开(公告)日：2002-03-26

    申请号：US09221655

    申请日：1998-12-23

    申请人： Phillip W. Barth ,  Leslie A. Field ,  David K. Donald

    发明人： Phillip W. Barth ,  Leslie A. Field ,  David K. Donald

    IPC分类号： F15C104

    CPC分类号： G02B26/004 ,  G02B6/3538 ,  G02B6/3544 ,  G02B6/3576 ,  Y10T137/206 ,  Y10T137/2196 ,  Y10T137/2224

    摘要： A switching device for controlling fluid motion. The device includes a capillary filled with a first fluid into which a wall-confined bubble of a second fluid is introduced to achieve a first switching event. Capillary geometry and wetting properties provide a pressure-related asymmetric energy potential distribution for controlling the flow of the bubble, and the device is called an asymmetric bubble chamber, or ABC. The bubble is initially trapped in an energy potential well, and upon increase of its volume moves from the well into a region of low energy potential to achieve a second switching event. The first switching event may be blocking of a fluid channel or reflection of an optical beam in an optical crosspoint switch, while the second switching event may be unblocking of a fluid channel or restoration of transmission of an optical beam. The increase in bubble volume between the first and second switching events can act as the stroke of a fluidic piston to pump a volume the first fluid within the capillary. The device can be employed to thermally degas a liquid. The use of large-magnitude geometry-related energy potentials permits rapid cyclical operation of the device in a manner resistant to mechanical shock.

    摘要翻译： 一种用于控制流体运动的开关装置。 该装置包括填充有第一流体的毛细管，其中引入第二流体的壁限制气泡以实现第一切换事件。 毛细管几何形状和润湿性能提供了压力相关的不对称能量势能分布，用于控制气泡的流动，该装置称为不对称气泡室（ABC）。 气泡最初被捕获在能量势阱中，并且当其体积的增加从井移动到低能量潜能的区域以实现第二切换事件时。 第一切换事件可能阻塞光交叉点开关中的流体通道或光束的反射，而第二切换事件可以解除流体通道的阻塞或光束的传输恢复。 第一和第二切换事件之间的气泡体积的增加可以作为流体活塞的冲程来泵送毛细管内的第一流体的体积。 该装置可用于对液体进行热脱气。 使用大幅度几何相关的能量电位允许以机械冲击的方式快速地周期性地操作装置。

    Thermal optical switches for light
    6.
    发明授权
    Thermal optical switches for light 失效
    热光开关用于光源

    公开(公告)号：US5978527A

    公开(公告)日：1999-11-02

    申请号：US128555

    申请日：1998-08-03

    申请人： David K. Donald

    发明人： David K. Donald

    IPC分类号： G02B6/35 ,  G02B26/02

    CPC分类号： G02B26/004 ,  G02B6/3538 ,  G02B6/3546 ,  G02B6/3576 ,  G02B6/358 ,  G02B6/3596

    摘要： A thermal optical switching cell has a channel of either gas or boilable liquid that crosses an optical waveguide at a forty-five degree angle. Two or more appropriately placed heaters use the water/steam/dry states of thermal ink jet technology to quickly insert, or extract, boilable liquid respectively into, or from, the channel. The boilable liquid has an index of refraction close to that of the guide. In the wet state, the channel contains the liquid and nearly all the light of the incoming guide traverses the liquid along the axis of the guide. In the dry state, the channel contains gas. Total internal reflection (TIR) occurs and light is directed at right angles away from the axis of the incoming channel. Adding a second waveguide, perpendicular to, and intersecting the first waveguide at the channel, forms a cross-bar switch. These liquid switching cells toggle between the wet and dry states. No power is required to hold the switch in the most recent state. A monitoring signal is described that can be used to determine the state of the switch. The dry state of these cells is totally internally reflecting. The wet state, however, is transmissive with a small, but objectionable, amount of reflection. A push-pull optical circuit is formed using paired cells and at least one TIR mirror. One of the cells of the circuit is always in the TIR state to provide good isolation. This circuit has the property of reporting the state of the switch-pair so that a fault can be detected. If a fault is detected, repeated activation pulses can be applied to force liquid into the correct places to maintain proper operation of the circuit.

    摘要翻译： 热光学开关单元具有以四十五度的角度穿过光波导的气体或可沸腾液体的通道。 两个或更多个适当放置的加热器使用热喷墨技术的水/蒸汽/干燥状态来快速地将可煮沸的液体分别插入或从通道中提取。 可煮沸液体的折射率接近导向件。 在湿润状态下，通道包含液体，并且进入引导件的几乎所有的光沿引导件的轴线穿过液体。 在干燥状态下，通道包含气体。 发生全内反射（TIR），并将光直射远离输入通道的轴线。 在通道处添加垂直于第一波导并与之相交的第二波导形成交叉开关。 这些液体开关元件在湿态和干态之间切换。 不需要电源来将开关保持在最近的状态。 描述了可用于确定开关状态的监视信号。 这些细胞的干燥状态完全在内部反射。 然而，潮湿的状态是透射的，反射量很小但令人反感。 使用配对电池和至少一个TIR镜形成推挽光电路。 电路的一个单元总是处于TIR状态，以提供良好的隔离。 该电路具有报告开关对状态的特性，从而可以检测故障。 如果检测到故障，可以施加重复的激活脉冲以迫使液体进入正确的位置，以保持电路的正常运行。

    Macrocyclic compounds
    7.
    发明授权
    Macrocyclic compounds 失效
    大环化合物

    公开(公告)号：US5179087A

    公开(公告)日：1993-01-12

    申请号：US568855

    申请日：1990-08-17

    申请人： David K. Donald ,  David N. Hardern ,  Martin E. Cooper ,  Mark Furber

    发明人： David K. Donald ,  David N. Hardern ,  Martin E. Cooper ,  Mark Furber

    IPC分类号： C07D498/18 ,  A61K31/445 ,  A61P37/06 ,  C07H19/01

    CPC分类号： C07H19/01

    摘要： There are described compounds of formula I, ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 represents H or OH; R.sup.2 represents H; in addition, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 may together represent a second carbon-carbon bond between the carbon atoms to which they are attached; R.sup.3 represents OH or OCH.sub.3 ; X represents O or (H,OH); and Y represents O or N--OR.sup.4, in which R.sup.4 represents H or alkyl C.sub.1-6 ; provided that when R.sup.1 is OH, R.sup.2 is H and X is O, then Y does not represent O.Processes for their production and compositions containing them, eg. for use as immunosuppressive agents, are also described.

    Gas extraction device for extracting gas from a microfluidics system
    9.
    发明授权
    Gas extraction device for extracting gas from a microfluidics system 失效
    用于从微流体系统中提取气体的气体提取装置

    公开(公告)号：US06299673B1

    公开(公告)日：2001-10-09

    申请号：US09221026

    申请日：1998-12-23

    申请人： Leslie A. Field ,  David K. Donald ,  Phillip W. Barth ,  Jonathan Servaites ,  Storrs T. Hoen ,  Jonah A. Harley

    发明人： Leslie A. Field ,  David K. Donald ,  Phillip W. Barth ,  Jonathan Servaites ,  Storrs T. Hoen ,  Jonah A. Harley

    IPC分类号： B41J219

    CPC分类号： B41J2/19

    摘要： A thermally-activated gas extraction device that comprises a bubble capture chamber, an exhaust manifold, a tapered extraction chamber and an extraction heater associated with the tapered extraction chamber. The tapered extraction chamber extends from the bubble capture chamber towards the exhaust manifold and has a cross-sectional area that increases towards the exhaust manifold. A gas removal method in which the gas extraction device is provided, a bubble of gas is accumulated in the bubble capture chamber, a portion of the liquid in the tapered extraction chamber heated to nucleate a bubble of vapor, and the bubble of vapor is heated to explosively expand the bubble of vapor into contact with the walls of the tapered extraction chamber and into contact with the bubble of gas to form a composite bubble. Contact with the walls of the tapered extraction moves the composite bubble towards the exhaust manifold. Finally, heating of the composite bubble is discontinued to condense the vapor in the composite bubble.

    摘要翻译： 一种热活化气体提取装置，其包括气泡捕获室，排气歧管，锥形抽出室和与锥形抽出室相关联的抽出加热器。 锥形抽出室从气泡捕获室朝向排气歧管延伸并且具有朝向排气歧管增加的横截面面积。 一种气体去除方法，其中提供气体提取装置，气体的气泡积聚在气泡捕获室中，锥形抽出室中的一部分液体被加热以使蒸汽的气泡成核，并且蒸气的气泡被加热 以将爆炸性地膨胀蒸汽气泡与锥形抽出室的壁接触并与气泡接触以形成复合气泡。 与锥形提取物的壁接触将复合气泡朝向排气歧管移动。 最后，中止复合气泡的加热以冷凝复合气泡中的蒸汽。