公开(公告)号：US07407531B2

公开(公告)日：2008-08-05

申请号：US11126002

申请日：2005-05-09

申请人： Richard C. Flagan ,  Stanley L. Kaufman ,  Gilmore J. Sem

发明人： Richard C. Flagan ,  Stanley L. Kaufman ,  Gilmore J. Sem

IPC分类号： G01N1/26

CPC分类号： G01N15/065 ,  G01N2001/2223

摘要： A system is disclosed for condensation particle counting in conjunction with modifying an aerosol to enhance the formation and growth of droplets of a selected working fluid, preferably water. Before saturation with the working fluid, the aerosol is exposed to an aerosol modifying component, preferably a vapor including molecules that are adsorbed onto surfaces of the particles or other elements suspended in the aerosol. Adsorption alters the surface character of the suspended elements towards increased affinity for the vapor of the working fluid, to promote the formation and growth of working fluid droplets. The droplets are optically detected to indicate numbers and concentrations of the suspended elements.

摘要翻译： 公开了一种用于冷凝颗粒计数以及改变气溶胶以增强选定工作流体，优选水的液滴的形成和生长的系统。 在与工作流体饱和之前，气溶胶暴露于气溶胶​​改性组分，优选包含吸附在颗粒表面上的分子的蒸汽或悬浮在气溶胶中的其它元素。 吸附改变悬浮元素的表面特征，增加对工作流体蒸汽的亲和力，促进工作流体液滴的形成和生长。 光学检测液滴以指示悬浮元件的数量和浓度。

公开(公告)号：US5121988A

公开(公告)日：1992-06-16

申请号：US416958

申请日：1989-10-04

申请人： James L. Blesener ,  Stanley L. Kaufman ,  David B. Blackford ,  Frank D. Dorman ,  Peter P. Hairston

发明人： James L. Blesener ,  Stanley L. Kaufman ,  David B. Blackford ,  Frank D. Dorman ,  Peter P. Hairston

IPC分类号： G01N15/00 ,  G01N15/02 ,  G01N15/14 ,  G01N21/03 ,  G01N21/59

CPC分类号： G01N15/1434 ,  G01N2015/0046 ,  G01N2015/0238 ,  G01N21/031 ,  G01N21/59 ,  G01N2201/0612

摘要： A particle flux counter apparatus utilizing light extinction. The apparatus utilizes two oppositely disposed cylindrical mirrors (21a, 21b) to bounce a beam back and forth between them, the beam traversing the length of the cylindrical mirrors (21a, 21b) in incremental steps. A plane mirror (22) is cooperatively located to reflect the beam back between the system to traverse the length of the cylindrical mirrors (21a, 21b) a second time in incremented steps. The two sets of steps interleaving such that the beam forms a sheet of light. A detector (60) monitors the intensity of the beam. As particles in a sample aerosol intersect the beam, the light is extinguished and the beam intensity changes. The detector (60) transmits a signal to a microprocessor (108) analyzation. The apparatus also utilizes a feedback circuit (300) to regulate the beam intensity and alternatively provides for modulating the beam to provide for higher peak power into the detector (60) and elimination of common mode noise.

摘要翻译： 利用光消光的粒子通量计数器。 该装置利用两个相对设置的圆柱形反射镜（21a，21b）在它们之间来回弹起梁，梁以递增的步长横穿圆柱形反射镜（21a，21b）的长度。 平面镜（22）协同地定位成将光束反射回系统之间，以递增步骤第二次穿过柱面镜（21a，21b）的长度。 两组步骤交错使得光束形成一张光。 检测器（60）监视光束的强度。 当样品气溶胶中的颗粒与光束相交时，光被熄灭，光束强度发生变化。 检测器（60）将信号发送到微处理器（108）分析。 该装置还利用反馈电路（300）来调节光束强度，并且可替代地提供调制光束以向检测器（60）提供更高的峰值功率并消除共模噪声。

公开(公告)号：US4948257A

公开(公告)日：1990-08-14

申请号：US372223

申请日：1989-06-23

申请人： Stanley L. Kaufman ,  Frank D. Dorman ,  Daniel C. Bjorkquist ,  Miles R. Finn

发明人： Stanley L. Kaufman ,  Frank D. Dorman ,  Daniel C. Bjorkquist ,  Miles R. Finn

IPC分类号： G01P5/26 ,  G01S17/58

CPC分类号： G01P5/26 ,  G01S17/58

摘要： Methods and apparatus for enhancing the accuracy of laser optical measuring instruments using fringe pattern spacing are disclosed. The apparatus in one embodiment includes a laser beam source 10, a beam splitter 14, and mirrors 22 to deflect the beams 18, 20 emitted from the beam splitter 14 to a sensing volume. Alternative embodiments include prisms 42, 44, gratings 62 or other optical devices in lieu of mirrors 22. Objects passing through the sensing volume scatter light which is detected by the instrument to determine, among other things, the velocity of the object. The emitted beams 18, 20 are automatically deflected in response to wavelength changes of the laser beam 16 such that variations in the fringe spacing, due to variations in laser beam 16 wavelength, are compensated by variations in the closing angle K of the emitted, deflected beams. The fringe pattern spacing is thereby held more nearly constant enhancing the accuracy of the instrument. Methods of enhancing the accuracy of measurements taken with laser optical measuring instruments are also disclosed.

摘要翻译： 公开了提高使用条纹图案间距的激光光学测量仪器精度的方法和装置。 在一个实施例中的装置包括激光束源10，分束器14和反射镜22，以将从分束器14发射的光束18,20偏转到感测体积。 替代实施例包括棱镜42,44，光栅62或代替反射镜22的其它光学装置。穿过感测体的物体散射由仪器检测到的光，以确定物体的速度。 发射的光束18,20响应于激光束16的波长变化而自动偏转，使得由于激光束16波长的变化引起的条纹间隔的变化由发射的偏转的闭合角度K的变化来补偿 梁。 因此，条纹图案间隔保持更接近恒定，增加了仪器的精度。 还公开了使用激光光学测量仪器提高测量精度的方法。

公开(公告)号：US06544484B1

公开(公告)日：2003-04-08

申请号：US09596159

申请日：2000-06-16

申请人： Stanley L. Kaufman ,  Frank D. Dorman

发明人： Stanley L. Kaufman ,  Frank D. Dorman

IPC分类号： B01J1926

CPC分类号： H01J49/168 ,  G01N15/0266 ,  G01N2015/0046 ,  H01J49/165

摘要： A system for analyzing aerosols incorporates a corona discharge ion generator with a positively or negatively charged corona discharge needle formed of platinum or a platinum alloy. A high speed (40-210 meter per second) air flow sweeps the ions away from the corona discharge, and propels the ions into a mixing chamber in a turbulent jet that encounters an aerosol, also provided to the mixing chamber. In one version of the ion generator, the ions are carried into the mixing chamber through an orifice formed in a positively or negatively biased plate. In another alternative, the aerosol droplets are electrostatically generated, and propelled into the mixing chamber as an aerosol jet that confronts the ion jet to enhance a mixing of the charged droplets and the ions. In this version the droplets are advantageously neutralized to leave predominantly singly charged positive and negative particles, to provide a neutralized aerosol particularly well suited for analysis with a mass spectrometer.

摘要翻译： 用于分析气溶胶的系统包括具有由铂或铂合金形成的带正或负电荷的电晕放电针的电晕放电离子发生器。 高速（40-210米/秒）的空气流将离子从电晕放电中扫除，并将离子推进到混合室中，该混合室在遇到气溶胶的湍流射流中也提供给混合室。 在离子发生器的一个版本中，离子通过形成在正或负偏压的板中的孔传送到混合室中。 在另一个替代方案中，气溶胶液滴被静电产生，并且作为气溶胶射流推进到混合室中，该气溶胶射流面对离子射流以增强带电液滴和离子的混合。 在该版本中，液滴有利地被中和以留下主要单一带电的正和负颗粒，以提供特别适合于用质谱仪分析的中和气雾剂。

公开(公告)号：US20120241601A1

公开(公告)日：2012-09-27

申请号：US13238196

申请日：2011-09-21

申请人： Stanley L. Kaufman

发明人： Stanley L. Kaufman

IPC分类号： G01N21/59 ,  G01B9/02 ,  H01J49/26 ,  B03C3/155

CPC分类号： G01N21/94 ,  G01N15/0612 ,  G01N15/065 ,  G01N21/45 ,  G01N2021/458

摘要： Methods and apparatuses for the removal, analysis and/or detection of harmful airborne molecular contaminants (AMCs). In one embodiment, an ionizing radiation source is utilized to remove the harmful AMCs from a flow stream via radiolytic particle generation and subsequent capture by filtration. The captured particles may be released, for example, by re-gasification for analysis at much higher concentrations. In another embodiment, the ionizing radiation source is utilized with a particle detector to sense when harmful AMCs are present. In one embodiment, a solid optical medium is exposed to a monitored environment so that the AMCs are in contact with a surface of the solid optical medium. A focused light beam is arranged to emerge from a solid optical medium at an energy density sufficient to cause the AMCs to form deposits on the exposed surface of the solid optical medium, which can be detected using an interferometric technique.

摘要翻译： 用于去除，分析和/或检测有害的空气传播分子污染物（AMC）的方法和装置。 在一个实施例中，电离辐射源用于通过放射性粒子产生和随后的过滤捕获从流动流中除去有害的AMC。 捕获的颗粒可以例如通过再气化来释放，以便以更高的浓度进行分析。 在另一个实施例中，电离辐射源与粒子检测器一起使用以感测何时存在有害的AMC。 在一个实施例中，固体光学介质暴露于监测的环境，使得AMC与固体光学介质的表面接触。 聚焦光束被布置成以足够的能量密度从固体光学介质中露出，以使AMC在固体光学介质的暴露表面上形成沉积物，这可以使用干涉技术检测。

公开(公告)号：US07796727B1

公开(公告)日：2010-09-14

申请号：US12411240

申请日：2009-03-25

申请人： Stanley L. Kaufman

发明人： Stanley L. Kaufman

IPC分类号： G21K5/00 ,  G21K5/08

CPC分类号： H05F3/06 ,  B01D2259/81

摘要： An attenuated soft x-ray neutralizer for neutralizing aerosols. The apparatus includes a soft x-ray emitter that emits soft x-rays into an aerosol conditioning chamber. An attenuating window may be included that reduces the intensity of the soft x-rays that bombard the aerosol, thus generating fewer radiolytically generated particles. Another way to reduce or control the intensity of the soft x-rays is to control emission of the cathode in the soft x-ray emitter. The reduced intensity of the soft x-rays was found by experiment to satisfactorily condition an aerosol stream without substantial radiolytic generation of particles precipitation.

摘要翻译： 用于中和气溶胶的减毒软X射线中和剂。 该装置包括将X射线发射到气溶胶调节室中的软x射线发射器。 可以包括衰减窗口，其减少了轰击气溶胶的软X射线的强度，从而产生较少的放射性产生的颗粒。 降低或控制软X射线强度的另一种方法是控制软X射线发射器中阴极的发射。 通过实验发现软X射线的强度降低，以令人满意地调节气溶胶流而没有实质的放射性产生颗粒沉淀。

公开(公告)号：US07057712B2

公开(公告)日：2006-06-06

申请号：US10602178

申请日：2003-06-24

申请人： Tyler J. Beck ,  Peter P. Hairston ,  Stanley L. Kaufman

发明人： Tyler J. Beck ,  Peter P. Hairston ,  Stanley L. Kaufman

IPC分类号： G01N21/64 ,  G01N21/53 ,  G01N15/02

CPC分类号： G01N21/645 ,  G01N15/1427 ,  G01N15/1459 ,  G01N21/47 ,  G01N21/64 ,  G01N2015/1438 ,  G01N2015/1486 ,  G01N2015/1493 ,  G01N2021/6419 ,  G01N2021/6421 ,  H01J49/40

摘要： Particle analyzing systems with fluorescence detection are disclosed, primarily in connection with particle sizing based on scattered light intensity or time-of-flight measurement. In one system, emission of fluorescence is used as a threshold for selecting particles for further analysis, e.g. mass spectrometry. In another embodiment, laser beams arranged sequentially along an aerosol path are selectively switched on and off, to increase the useful life of components, and diminish the potential for interference among several signals. Other embodiments advantageously employ color discrimination in aerodynamic particle sizing, single detectors positioned to sense both scattered and emitted fluorescent radiation, and laser beam amplitude or gain control to enhance the range of fluorescence detection.

摘要翻译： 公开了具有荧光检测的粒子分析系统，主要涉及基于散射光强度或飞行时间测量的粒子尺寸。 在一个系统中，荧光的发射被用作用于选择用于进一步分析的颗粒的阈值。 质谱。 在另一个实施例中，沿着气溶胶路径顺序地布置的激光束被选择性地打开和关闭，以增加部件的使用寿命，并且降低几个信号之间的干扰的可能性。 其他实施例有利地在空气动力学粒子尺寸选择中使用颜色鉴别，定位成感测散射和发射的荧光辐射的单个检测器以及激光束幅度或增益控制以增强荧光检测的范围。

公开(公告)号：US10006871B2

公开(公告)日：2018-06-26

申请号：US13238196

申请日：2011-09-21

申请人： Stanley L. Kaufman

发明人： Stanley L. Kaufman

IPC分类号： G01N21/94 ,  G01N21/45 ,  G01N15/06

CPC分类号： G01N21/94 ,  G01N15/0612 ,  G01N15/065 ,  G01N21/45 ,  G01N2021/458

摘要： Methods and apparatuses for the removal, analysis and/or detection of harmful airborne molecular contaminants (AMCs). In one embodiment, an ionizing radiation source is utilized to remove the harmful AMCs from a flow stream via radiolytic particle generation and subsequent capture by filtration. The captured particles may be released, for example, by re-gasification for analysis at much higher concentrations. In another embodiment, the ionizing radiation source is utilized with a particle detector to sense when harmful AMCs are present. In one embodiment, a solid optical medium is exposed to a monitored environment so that the AMCs are in contact with a surface of the solid optical medium. A focused light beam is arranged to emerge from a solid optical medium at an energy density sufficient to cause the AMCs to form deposits on the exposed surface of the solid optical medium, which can be detected using an interferometric technique.

公开(公告)号：US07812306B2

公开(公告)日：2010-10-12

申请号：US11439451

申请日：2006-05-23

申请人： Heinz Fissan ,  Andreas Trampe ,  David Y. H. Pui ,  Stanley L. Kaufman

发明人： Heinz Fissan ,  Andreas Trampe ,  David Y. H. Pui ,  Stanley L. Kaufman

IPC分类号： H01J49/00

CPC分类号： G01N27/622 ,  B03C3/017 ,  B03C3/09 ,  B03C3/12 ,  B03C3/38 ,  B03C3/41 ,  B03C3/47 ,  G01N15/0266 ,  G01N23/00 ,  G01N2015/0038

摘要： An instrument for non-invasively measuring nanoparticle exposure includes a corona discharge element generating ions to effect unipolar diffusion charging of an aerosol, followed by an ion trap for removing excess ions and a portion of the charged particles with electrical mobilities above a threshold. Downstream, an electrically conductive HEPA filter or other collecting element accumulates the charged particles and provides the resultant current to an electrometer amplifier. The instrument is tunable to alter the electrometer amplifier output toward closer correspondence with a selected function describing particle behavior, e.g. nanoparticle deposition in a selected region of the respiratory system. Tuning entails adjusting voltages applied to one or more of the ion trap, the corona discharge element and the collecting element. Alternatively, tuning involves adjusting the aerosol flow rate, either directly or in comparison to the flow rate of a gas conducting the ions toward merger with the aerosol.

摘要翻译： 用于非侵入性地测量纳米颗粒暴露的仪器包括产生离子以实现气溶胶的单极扩散充电的电晕放电元件，随后是用于去除过量离子的离子阱和一部分电荷迁移率高于阈值的带电粒子。 下游，导电HEPA过滤器或其他收集元件累积带电粒子并将合成电流提供给静电计放大器。 该仪器是可调谐的，以改变静电计放大器输出，使其与所选择的描述粒子行为的函数更接近地对应，例如。 在呼吸系统的选定区域中的纳米颗粒沉积。 调谐需要调整施加到一个或多个离子阱，电晕放电元件和收集元件的电压。 或者，调整包括直接或与将离子导向与气溶胶合并的气体的流速相比调节气溶胶流速。

公开(公告)号：US5247842A

公开(公告)日：1993-09-28

申请号：US767670

申请日：1991-09-30

申请人： Stanley L. Kaufman ,  Fahimeh Zarrin ,  Frank Dorman

发明人： Stanley L. Kaufman ,  Fahimeh Zarrin ,  Frank Dorman

IPC分类号： B05B5/00 ,  B05B5/025 ,  G01N15/06 ,  G01N15/10

CPC分类号： B05B5/002 ,  B05B5/025 ,  G01N15/065 ,  G01N15/1031 ,  H01J49/165

摘要： An electrospray nebulizer generates an aerosol comprised of submicrometer droplets substantially uniform in size. A liquid sample is supplied at a controlled rate to a capillary needle of the nebulizer, and droplets are formed due to an electrical field in the region about the needle discharge. The tendency of the droplets to disintegrate due to Coulomb forces is counteracted by sources of ionizing radiation within the nebulizer. The ions reduce the charge in each droplet while solvent evaporation reduces the diameter of the droplet. To further ensure against Coulomb disintegration, a controlled air sheath is introduced to the nebulizer for transporting droplets more rapidly downstream. Optionally, solvent vapor can be introduced into the air flow to reduce the rate of solvent evaporation within the nebulizer, and ions can be added to the air flow upstream of the needle discharge.

摘要翻译： 电喷雾雾化器产生由基本上均匀尺寸的亚微米液滴组成的气溶胶。 将液体样品以受控的速率供应到喷雾器的毛细管针，并且由于围绕针排出的区域中的电场而形成液滴。 液滴由于库仑力而分解的倾向由喷雾器内的电离辐射源抵消。 离子减少每个液滴中的电荷，而溶剂蒸发减小了液滴的直径。 为了进一步确保不会克服库仑分解，将控制的空气鞘引入雾化器，以便在下游更快速地输送液滴。 任选地，可以将溶剂蒸汽引入空气流中以降低喷雾器内的溶剂蒸发速率，并且可以将离子加入到针放电上游的空气流中。