摘要:
This invention relates to a compact apparatus for generating hydrogen. More particularly, this invention relates to a compact hydrogen generating apparatus suitable for use in conjunction with a fuel cell. The compact hydrogen generating apparatus comprises a fuel processor reactor having an integrated pre-reforming zone embedded within a secondary reforming zone.
摘要:
Hydrogen generators and integrated hydrogen generator/fuel cells systems are operated by determining the condition of the hydrogen generator and the condition of the fuel to the hydrogen generator for selection of predetermined flow rates for each of the externally-provided raw materials. The processes of the invention can provide rapid transitions between hydrogen production rates while enabling enhanced efficiency and stability during transient operations.
摘要:
An apparatus is provided which comprises two burner zones using a single igniter separated by a heat transfer zone for use in low-cost hydrogen generation units. When used in conjunction with a control system which limits the effluent temperature to less than about 700° C., the apparatus can be constructed of materials such as carbon steel and stainless steel rather than more exotic materials. This simplified structure and the use of less exotic materials provides an efficient, low-cost combined partial oxidation reactor for small-scale hydrogen production systems, especially for hydrogen production systems associated with fuel cell operation for the production of electricity.
摘要:
Hydrogen generators and processes for operating hydrogen generators using partial oxidation/steam reforming of fuel are provided that can achieve desirable Net Hydrogen Efficiencies over a range of fuels and hydrogen product production rates and purities. Superheated steam for the reformer feed is provided through indirect heat exchange with the reformate and through indirect heat exchange with a flue gas. The relative portions of superheated steam from each heat exchange is adjusted to enhance Net Hydrogen Efficiency as a demand condition such as hydrogen product production rate or purity changes, and cooler oxygen-containing gas is used to avoid precombustion temperatures in the reformer feed.
摘要:
Apparatus and processes are provided for the generation of hydrogen which employ a reformer and water gas shift reactor. The apparatus and processes respond quickly to changes in hydrogen generation. The reformate in a region between the reformer and prior to exiting the water gas shift reactor is cooled by indirect heat exchange with water whereby substantially all the water is vaporized to steam, the steam is separated from liquid water and then introduced into the reformate.
摘要:
A flow cell for fiber optics spectroscopy having a radiation transparent window for the transmission of radiation uses a dual O-ring arrangement to prevent leakage of a medium undergoing evaluation around the window and a vent for indicating leakage between the O-rings. The arrangement also provides for the use of an O-ring to urge the window against a retainer that holds a lens to direct radiation into the window. Biasing of the window against the lens retainer and the use of a radial O-ring arrangement allows precise control of the separation between windows in the total path length for radiation travel across a fluid sample.
摘要:
Hydrogen generators and processes for operating hydrogen generators using partial oxidation/steam reforming of fuel are provided that can achieve desirable Net Hydrogen Efficiencies over a range of fuels and hydrogen product production rates and purities. Superheated steam for the reformer feed is provided through indirect heat exchange with the reformate and through indirect heat exchange with a flue gas. The relative portions of superheated steam from each heat exchange is adjusted to enhance Net Hydrogen Efficiency as a demand condition such as hydrogen product production rate or purity changes, and cooler oxygen-containing gas is used to avoid precombustion temperatures in the reformer feed.
摘要:
A process and arrangement for contacting a moving bed of compact particulate material, usually catalyst, with a radial flow of fluid maintains an unconfined surface of catalyst particles in place by passing fluid axially into the upper surface of the bed and maintaining radial gas flow across an inlet screen at an elevation that is above the upper most elevation of perforations for withdrawing gas flow from the particulate bed. Two vertical screens confine the bed of catalyst. Perforations cover substantially the entire length of the inlet screen. The outlet portion of the screen has perforations that end below the top of the free surface of the catalyst bed and define an upper bed portion therebetween. The inlet screen directs gas flow radially across the inlet screen into an upper portion of the bed and causes at least partial axial flow of gas through the upper portion of the particle bed. The axial gas flow through the upper portion of the particle bed holds the surface of the catalyst in place while also cause the gas to preheat the relatively cold catalyst as it initially enters the particulate bed. Heating of the catalyst in an upper portion moderates transient temperature spikes and depressions that fatigue a critical junction between perforated and unperforated portions of the outlet screen. The preheating of the catalyst in by this method and seal arrangement reduces damage temperature swings on equipment while providing an overall simplified arrangement for a upper seal zone in a bed of compact moving particles.