公开(公告)号：US07078012B2

公开(公告)日：2006-07-18

申请号：US10685771

申请日：2003-10-14

申请人： Dennis N. Bingham ,  Kerry M. Klingler ,  William T. Zollinger

发明人： Dennis N. Bingham ,  Kerry M. Klingler ,  William T. Zollinger

IPC分类号： B01J19/00 ,  C01B3/02

CPC分类号： C01B3/065 ,  B01J7/02 ,  Y02E60/362 ,  Y10S423/11

摘要： A method of producing a high pressure gas is disclosed and which includes providing a container; supplying the container with a liquid such as water; increasing the pressure of the liquid within the container; supplying a reactant composition such as a chemical hydride to the liquid under pressure in the container and which chemically reacts with the liquid to produce a resulting high pressure gas such as hydrogen at a pressure of greater than about 100 pounds per square inch of pressure; and drawing the resulting high pressure gas from the container.

摘要翻译： 公开了一种生产高压气体的方法，其包括提供容器; 向容器供应诸如水的液体; 增加容器内液体的压力; 将诸如化学氢化物的反应物组合物供应到容器中的压力下的液体中，并与液体发生化学反应，以产生大于约100磅/平方英寸压力的压力下产生的高压气体例如氢; 并从容器中抽出所得到的高压气体。

公开(公告)号：US4874596A

公开(公告)日：1989-10-17

申请号：US625197

申请日：1984-06-28

申请人： Jerome H. Lemelson

发明人： Jerome H. Lemelson

IPC分类号： B01J3/08 ,  B21D26/06 ,  B22D31/00 ,  B24B31/00

CPC分类号： B21D26/06 ,  B01J3/08 ,  B22D31/00 ,  B24B31/00 ,  B01J2203/061 ,  B01J2203/0655 ,  H05K2203/175 ,  Y10S423/11

摘要： An apparatus and method for reacting on material by means of intense radiation employed to change the physical and, in certain instances, the chemical characteristics of such material. In one form, an intense radiation beam is directed into a cavity of a die or support for a small quantity of material to be reacted on and the intense heat of the beam as well as the shock wave generated in the material in the die cavity by the rapid heat of the beam react on such material to change its physical characteristics. In another form, two or more intense radiation beams, such as generated by one or more lasers or electron guns as intense pulses of radiation, are directed against a particle or pellet of material directed along a predetermined path into a reaction chamber, intensely heat and transmit shock wave energy thereto from opposite directions which shock waves collapse against the material transforming it into another form. In still another form of the invention, pellets or small containers of material to be reacted on are supported by filaments, rods or other structures disposed in a reaction chamber and are reacted on by one or more intense radiation beams. In yet another form, one or more intense pulses of radiation are directed against a solid member compressing a quantity of material in a die and generate one or more shock waves in such solid member which are transmitted therethrough to the compressed material. The pellet or particles may comprise carbon which is converted to diamond by the intense heat and force of the shock wave or shock waves or other material including such other material mixed with carbon.

摘要翻译： 一种用于通过强烈辐射对材料进行反应的装置和方法，用于改变物理和（在某些情况下）这种材料的化学特性。 在一种形式中，强烈的辐射束被引导到模具或支撑件的空腔中，用于少量待激发的材料和梁的强烈热量以及在模腔中的材料中产生的冲击波 梁的快速热量对这种材料作出反应以改变其物理特性。 在另一种形式中，诸如由一个或多个激光器或电子枪产生的两个或更多个强辐射束作为强烈的辐射脉冲，被引导到沿着预定路径被引导到反应室中的颗粒或颗粒，强烈地加热和 从相反的方向传递冲击波能量，冲击波相对于材料折叠成另一种形式。 在本发明的另一种形式中，要反应的材料的颗粒或小容器由设置在反应室中的细丝，棒或其它结构支撑，并通过一个或多个强辐射束反应。 在另一种形式中，一个或多个强烈的辐射脉冲被引导抵靠在模具中压缩一定量的材料的固体部件，并且在这种固体部件中产生一个或多个穿过其中的压缩材料的冲击波。 颗粒或颗粒可以包括通过冲击波或冲击波的强烈热力和其它材料（包括与碳混合的其它材料）转化为金刚石的碳。

公开(公告)号：US4427504A

公开(公告)日：1984-01-24

申请号：US344034

申请日：1982-01-29

申请人： Samuel Stucki

发明人： Samuel Stucki

IPC分类号： C25B1/00 ,  C25B1/04 ,  C25B1/12

CPC分类号： C25B1/00 ,  C25B1/04 ,  Y02E60/366 ,  Y02P20/129 ,  Y10S423/11

摘要： Nitric oxide is prepared by the oxidation of ammonia produced by the Haber-Bosch synthesis technique by (a) vaporizing and heating water to superheated steam; (b) electrolyzing the superheated steam in a high temperature electrolysis cell to oxygen and hydrogen; (c) reacting said hydrogen with atmospheric nitrogen thereby forming ammonia by the Haber-Bosch process; and (d) oxidizing said ammonia to nitric oxide and water vapor in the anode of said electrolytic cell with the oxygen produced by said electrolysis.

摘要翻译： 通过（a）将水蒸发并加热至过热蒸汽，通过由Haber-Bosch合成技术生产的氨的氧化制备一氧化氮; （b）将高温电解池中的过热蒸汽电解为氧和氢; （c）使所述氢气与大气氮反应，由Haber-Bosch工艺形成氨; 和（d）用所述电解产生的氧将所述氨氧化成所述电解池的阳极中的一氧化氮和水蒸汽。

公开(公告)号：US3888973A

公开(公告)日：1975-06-10

申请号：US30007172

申请日：1972-10-24

申请人： CONTINENTAL CAN CO

发明人： COLWELL ROBERT E ,  LIEGOIS WILLIAM A ,  WILKS GERALD W ,  VRCELJ MIHAILO J

IPC分类号： C01G49/00 ,  B01J8/06 ,  B01J8/10 ,  B01J19/28 ,  C01G49/10 ,  C02F1/38 ,  C25D3/20 ,  C25D21/18

CPC分类号： C01G49/10 ,  B01J8/10 ,  B01J19/28 ,  B01J2208/00 ,  Y10S423/09 ,  Y10S423/11

摘要： The speed of chemical reaction between liquid and solid particle reactants is materially increased by a process wherein the reactants are charged to a rotating chamber provided with perforated sidewalls, the size of the perforations being less than the size of the particles. The particles are propelled against the walls of the chamber under the action of a centrifugal force created by the rotation of the chamber and are caused to form a continuous layer of particles on the walls of the chamber. The liquid reactant under the action of the same centrifugal force is caused to be propelled into contact with the particle layer and move radially therethrough to react chemically with the particles. The reaction products are then discharged from the chamber through the perforations in the sidewalls. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, spent iron electrolyte solutions withdrawn from iron plating baths are regenerated by centrifugally contacting the electrolyte with a bed of iron particles centrifugally fixed on the perforated sidewalls of a rotating reaction chamber.

公开(公告)号：US5077030A

公开(公告)日：1991-12-31

申请号：US380721

申请日：1989-07-12

申请人： Amnon Yogev

发明人： Amnon Yogev

IPC分类号： C01C1/04 ,  C01C1/26

CPC分类号： C01C1/26 ,  C01C1/0405 ,  Y02P20/52 ,  Y10S423/11

摘要： Modifications are made to the standard process for the manufacture of ammonia and related compounds, resulting in lower operating costs through reduced total energy consumption. In one aspect of the invention, this is achieved by directing ammonia gas through one feed line, and carbon dioxide gas and steam through another feed line, into a closed reaction chamber to form ammonium carbonate. The formation of this solid compound results in a reduced pressure in the chamber. This reduced pressure can be used to drive heat engines in the reactant feed lines. In another aspect of the invention, the cost of running the potassium carbonate loop while the rest of the system is down is reduced by constructing an alternate pathway along part of the loop. The carbon dioxide gas and water vapor formed by the heating of the potassium bicarbonate flow through a heat engine and are cooled. The cooled water vapor and carbon dioxide gas are then recycled. The reactant gases may be liquified and revaporized in the event of reactor shutdown, and heat-exchange means may be associated with the system to provide at least a portion of the heat of vaporization of the liquified reactants. The heat-exchange means can thus produce a refrigerating fluid as a result of the vaporization of the reactants.

摘要翻译： 对制造氨和相关化合物的标准方法进行了修改，从而通过降低总能量消耗降低运行成本。 在本发明的一个方面，这是通过将氨气引导通过一条进料管线和将二氧化碳气体和蒸汽通过另一种进料管线导入封闭的反应室来形成碳酸铵来实现的。 该固体化合物的形成导致室中的压力降低。 这种减压可用于驱动反应物进料管线中的热机。 在本发明的另一方面，通过沿循环的一部分构建一个替代路径，减少了运行碳酸钾回路而系统的其余部分下降的成本。 通过加热碳酸氢钾而形成的二氧化碳气体和水蒸汽流过热机并被冷却。 然后将冷却的水蒸气和二氧化碳气体再循环。 在反应堆关闭的情况下，反应物气体可以被液化和再蒸发，并且热交换装置可能与系统相关联以提供液化反应物的至少一部分蒸发热。 因此，热交换装置可以由于反应物的蒸发而产生冷冻液。

公开(公告)号：US4563341A

公开(公告)日：1986-01-07

申请号：US385816

申请日：1982-06-07

申请人： Hugh G. Flynn

发明人： Hugh G. Flynn

IPC分类号： G21B1/00 ,  C01B35/10 ,  B01J3/06

CPC分类号： G21B1/00 ,  Y02E30/10 ,  Y10S423/11

摘要： A host liquid, such as a liquid metal, which is "seeded" with small bubbles of an inert gas, is maintained in a sealed chamber at an ambient temperature of about 100.degree. K. above the melting point of the host liquid, and at a static pressure ranging from 1 to 100 bars. A substance (for example carbon) which is capable of being allotropically transformed from a first form thereof (for example graphite) to a second form (for example diamond), is placed in the host liquid, which is then subjected to a time-varying acoustical pressure applied, for example, by a plurality of solid acoustical horns, which cause at least certain of the bubbles of inert gas to expand and then suddenly to collapse in a cavitation zone located substantially centrally of the chamber. By maintaining the host liquid at a pressure and temperature sufficient to cause the Hugonoit curve of the liquid to intersect a predetermined area of the phase diagram of the substance, the shock waves produced by the collapsing bubbles can be caused to envelop particles of graphite and to instantaneously transform them into diamond particles. The host liquid can be selected from a group consisting of aluminum, tin, gallium, thallium and indium, and alloys thereof; and the substance to be transformed may be selected from the group consisting of carbon, boron nitride and zinc sulphide.

摘要翻译： 在主体液体的熔点以上约100°K的环境温度下，在密闭的室中保持以小的惰性气体气泡“接种”的液体金属等液体金属，并且在 静压为1至100巴。 将能够从其第一形式（例如石墨）转变为第二形式（例如金刚石）的物质（例如碳）置于主液体中，然后将其经受时间变化 例如通过多个固体声角施加的声压，其使得至少某些惰性气体的气泡膨胀，然后突然在基本上位于腔室中心的空化区中塌陷。 通过将主体液体保持在足以导致液体的Hugonoit曲线与物质的相图的预定区域相交的压力和温度，可以使由塌陷气泡产生的冲击波包围石墨颗粒，并且 瞬间将其转化为金刚石颗粒。 主体液体可以选自铝，锡，镓，铊和铟，以及它们的合金; 并且待转化的物质可以选自碳，氮化硼和硫化锌。

公开(公告)号：US3004822A

公开(公告)日：1961-10-17

申请号：US71240158

申请日：1958-01-31

申请人： UNION CARBIDE CORP

发明人： POORMAN RICHARD M ,  HAWLEY GEORGE P ,  SARGENT HERBERT B

IPC分类号： B01J19/28 ,  B05B7/00 ,  C01B32/949 ,  C21B13/00 ,  C23C4/12 ,  C23C8/06

CPC分类号： C21B13/00 ,  B01J19/285 ,  B05B7/0006 ,  C01B32/949 ,  C01P2006/80 ,  C23C4/126 ,  C23C8/06 ,  Y02P10/136 ,  Y10S423/11

公开(公告)号：US07582275B1

公开(公告)日：2009-09-01

申请号：US10767498

申请日：2004-01-26

申请人： Benji Maruyama

发明人： Benji Maruyama

IPC分类号： C09C1/56

CPC分类号： C09C1/44 ,  C01B32/174 ,  C01P2004/10 ,  D01D10/00 ,  D01D11/02 ,  D01F9/127 ,  Y02P20/544 ,  Y10S423/11

摘要： The method of the present invention utilizes high pressure, near-supercritical CO2 within a pressure vessel to process filamentary nanocarbon to debulk, disperse, purify, surface treat, pre-impregnate, and micronize the carbon nanofibers. In accordance with the invention, near-supercritical CO2 is utilized within a pressure vessel to effect the desired process upon filamentary nanocarbon. For example, a quantity of filamentary nanocarbon can be effectively debulked, de-agglomerated and disentangled by agitating the mixture within the pressure vessel. When the CO2 is released from the pressure vessel, the filamentary nanocarbon exhibits a dramatic reduction in volume. Other nanofiber processes can be performed such as surface treating and pre-impregnation by introduction of the desirable species into the near-supercritical CO2 prior to processing. Purification processing can additionally be performed by introducing a co-solvent into the near-supercritical CO2.

摘要翻译： 本发明的方法利用压力容器内的高压，近超临界CO 2来处理丝状纳米碳以减少，分散，净化，表面处理，预先浸渍和微粉化碳纳米纤维。 根据本发明，在压力容器内使用近超临界CO 2以在丝状纳米碳上实现所需的方法。 例如，通过搅动压力容器内的混合物，一定量的丝状纳米碳可以被有效地减粘，去结块和解开。 当二氧化碳从压力容器释放时，丝状纳米碳体积显着减少。 可以在处理之前通过将所需物质引入近超临界CO 2来进行其它纳米纤维工艺，例如表面处理和预浸渍。 净化处理可另外通过将辅助溶剂引入近超临界CO 2来进行。

公开(公告)号：US20050079130A1

公开(公告)日：2005-04-14

申请号：US10685771

申请日：2003-10-14

申请人： Dennis Bingham ,  Kerry Klingler ,  William Zollinger

发明人： Dennis Bingham ,  Kerry Klingler ,  William Zollinger

IPC分类号： B01J7/02 ,  C01B3/06

CPC分类号： C01B3/065 ,  B01J7/02 ,  Y02E60/362 ,  Y10S423/11

摘要： A method of producing a high pressure gas is disclosed and which includes providing a container; supplying the container with a liquid; increasing the pressure of the liquid within the container; supplying a reactant composition to the liquid under pressure in the container and which chemically reacts with the liquid to produce a resulting high pressure gas; and drawing the resulting high pressure gas from the container.

摘要翻译： 公开了一种生产高压气体的方法，其包括提供容器; 向容器供应液体; 增加容器内液体的压力; 在容器内将压力下的反应物组合物供应到液体中，并与液体发生化学反应，产生所得到的高压气体; 并从容器中抽出所得到的高压气体。

公开(公告)号：US20030224308A1

公开(公告)日：2003-12-04

申请号：US10420926

申请日：2003-04-23

申请人： FUJI PHOTO FILM CO., LTD.

发明人： Yasunori Ichikawa ,  Katsuhisa Ohzeki ,  Fumiko Shiraishi ,  Tetsurou Mitsui ,  Shigeharu Urabe ,  Nobuo Nishida ,  Kenichi Harashima

IPC分类号： G03C001/015

CPC分类号： B01F5/0256 ,  B01F2215/0409 ,  B01J19/26 ,  G03C1/015 ,  Y10S423/09 ,  Y10S423/11 ,  Y10T137/87603 ,  Y10T137/87652

摘要： The mixing state of static mixing is optimized, so that it is possible to form silver halide emulsion particles in small sizes with an excellent mono-dispersion characteristic. An aqueous solution of haloid salt is blown out from a first nozzle into a mixing chamber as a rectilinear flow of turbulent flow, and before eddy viscosity formed when the rectilinear flow is blown out from the first nozzle of a small diameter to the mixing chamber of a greater diameter reaches a maximum, or before a maximum flow speed of the rectilinear flow is reduced to {fraction (1/10)} or below, an aqueous solution of silver nitrate is blown out from a second nozzle as a crossflow of turbulent flow which crosses the rectilinear flow at a substantially right angle and is entrained by the rectilinear flow, so that the two solutions are allowed to mix and react with each other instantaneously, and a liquid resulting from the mixing and reaction is discharged from a discharge duct.

摘要翻译： 优化静态混合的混合状态，从而可以形成具有优异的单分散特性的小尺寸的卤化银乳剂颗粒。 将卤素盐的水溶液从第一喷嘴吹入混合室，作为湍流的直线流动，并且在直线流从小直径的第一喷嘴吹送到混合室的混合室之前形成的涡流粘度 更大的直径达到最大值，或者在直线流量的最大流速降低到{分数（1/10或更低）之前，硝酸银的水溶液从第二喷嘴吹出，作为湍流的交叉流， 直线流以基本上直角流动并被直线流动夹带，使得两种溶液瞬间混合和反应，并且从混合和反应产生的液体从排出管排出。