摘要:
본 발명은 도전재의 제조방법 및 이를 이용하여 제조한 도전재를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지에 관한 것으로, 상기 도전재의 제조방법은 금속불순물을 포함하는 도전재를 마이크로웨이브를 조사하여 상기 금속불순물을 금속산화물로 전환함으로써 도전재 내 금속불순물을 제거하는 단계를 포함한다. 상기 제조방법에 의해 제조된 도전재는, 도전재 내 포함된 금속불순물을 전지의 작동 전압에서 비활성이며, 전해액에 용출되지 않는 금속산화물로 전환함으로써, 금속불순물의 용출 및 그에 의한 전지의 저전압에서의 불량 발생의 우려 없이, 전지의 성능특성, 특히 용량 및 수명특성을 향상시킬 수 있다.
摘要:
The invention relates to a continuous method for producing aliphatic carbonic acid esters by reacting at least one aliphatic carboxylic acid of formula (I) R1-COOH (I), wherein R1 represents hydrogen or an optionally substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group with 1 to 50 carbon atoms, with at least one alcohol of formula (II) R2-(OH)n (II), wherein R2 represents an optionally substituted hydrocarbon group with 1 to 100 C atoms and n is an integer from 1 to 10, in the presence of at least one transesterification catalyst in a reaction tube the longitudinal axis of which extends in the direction of propagation of the microwaves of a monomode microwave applicator, under microwave irradiation to form the ester.
摘要:
A reaction chamber contains catalytic material(s). Tunable microwave source(s) each emit microwave radiation at corresponding time-varying microwave frequency(ies) or at simultaneous multiple different microwave frequencies. Microwave transmission element(s) irradiate the interior volume of the reaction chamber with the microwave radiation, emitted by the microwave source(s), that propagates along the transmission element(s) into the reaction chamber. The reaction chamber is characterized by a maximum temperature variation of a fixed- frequency, steady-state temperature spatial profile that results from irradiation of the reaction chamber by microwave radiation at a substantially fixed microwave frequency and at a reference microwave power level. Irradiation of the reaction chamber at the reference microwave power level by the microwave radiation with the time-varying microwave frequency(ies), or the simultaneous multiple different microwave frequencies, results in a multi-frequency temperature spatial profile having a maximum temperature variation less than the maximum temperature variation of the fixed-frequency, steady-state temperature spatial profile.
摘要:
In a method and an apparatus for the recycling of polymeric materials, more specifically polyesters and polyamides, via depolymerization process, the depolymerization reaction of the material to be treated is performed with a solvolytic mixture in at least one microwave depolymerization reactor (6) which extends substantially along an axis (A) and is provided with a system (7) for movement of the reactants which allows the reactor (6) to operate continuously; the movement system (7) is an Archimedean screw system which moves the reactants substantially along the axis (A) through the reactor (6).
摘要:
An apparatus (1) for activation of chemical-physical processes comprising a microwave source (40), for example a magnetron or a klystron or a solid state oscillator (FET transistor) , operatively connected at one end of a microwave antenna, for example a co-axial antenna (3) , at a connector (13) . The apparatus, furthermore, comprises a generator of electric current (45) at high frequency connected to an ultrasonic transducer (2) for example by a shielded cable, not shown in the figure. In operative conditions, the antenna (3) and the ultrasonic transducer (2) are arranged substantially at right angles and at direct contact with a reacting mass (15) contained container (10) in order to activate it and then to complete a desired chemical and/or physical process. More in detail, the reacting mass (15) is subject contemporaneously, or alternatively, to an electromagnetic field generated by the antenna (3), diagrammatically indicated (30) , and from the ultrasonic field (20) generated by the ultrasonic transducer (2) . By arranging the microwave antenna (3) and the ultrasonic transducer (2) in the reacting mass (15) the efficiency of the process is optimized achieving a synergistic effect thanks to the combination of the electromagnetic field and the ultrasonic field.
摘要:
A method is provided for the production of biofuels. The method includes contacting at least one of a plant oil, an animal oil and a mixture thereof with a catalyst including an acid or solid acid, thereby producing a catalyst-oil mixture. RF or microwave energy is applied to at least one of the catalyst, the plant oil, the animal oil, the mixture, and the catalyst-oil mixture to produce the biofuel. The process can be adjusted to produce gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, or diesel range middle distillate products.
摘要:
A method for conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide comprises: introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of carbon dioxide into a reaction vessel; and irradiating dried, solid carbonaceous material in the reaction vessel with microwave energy. Heating of the irradiated carbonaceous material drives an endothermic reaction of carbon dioxide and carbon that produces carbon monoxide. At least a portion of heat required to maintain a temperature within the reaction vessel is supplied by the microwave energy. Carbon monoxide thus produced is allowed to flow out of the reaction vessel.
摘要:
A modular photochemical reactor system comprises a plurality of fluidic modules (20) each having i) a central planar process fluid layer (30) and ii) two outer planar thermal control fluid layers (40) for containing flowing thermal control fluid and a plurality of illumination modules (50), the illumination modules (50) of said plurality each having a planar form with first and second major surfaces (52, 54) and each comprising at least a first array (60) of semiconductor emitters (70), said emitters (70) positioned to emit from or through the first major surface (52), wherein said first array (60) of semiconductor emitters (70) comprises at least a first emitter (72) and a second emitter (74), the first emitter (72) capable of emitting at a first center wavelength and the second emitter (74) capable of emitting at a second center wavelength, said first and second center wavelengths differing from each other.