Abstract:
Embodiments of the invention include a MIM capacitor having a high capacitance with improved manufacturability. Such a capacitor includes an upper electrode, a lower electrode, and a dielectric layer that is intermediate the upper and the lower electrodes. A first voltage can be applied to the upper electrode and a second voltage, which is different from the first voltage, can be applied to the lower electrode. A wire layer, through which the first voltage is applied to the upper electrode, is located in the same level as or in a lower level than the lower electrode.
Abstract:
An information reproducing apparatus which reproduces information recorded on a medium includes an asymmetry correction circuit configured to correct an asymmetry of a signal read from a medium. The apparatus also includes a first high pass filter installed before the asymmetry correction circuit and configured to remove noise in the signal by a first cut-off frequency. The apparatus also includes a second high pass filter installed after the asymmetry correction circuit and configured to remove the noise in the signal by a second cut-off frequency, wherein the second cut-off frequency is higher than the first cut-off frequency.
Abstract:
A solid acid including a carbon nano tube (CNT), a spacer group combined with the CNT and an ionically conductive functional group connected to the spacer group. A polymer electrolyte membrane may include the same composition, and may be used in a fuel cell. The polymer electrolyte membrane using the solid acid has excellent ionic conductivity and suppresses the cross-over of methanol. The polymer electrolyte membrane is used as an electrolyte membrane of a fuel cell, for example, a direct methanol fuel cell.
Abstract:
The semiconductor memory system includes a memory controller, N system data buses, and first through P-th memory module groups. The N system data buses are connected to the memory controller and respectively have a width of M/N bits. The first through P-th memory module groups are connected to the N system data buses and respectively have N memory modules. In each of the first through P-th memory module groups, a different one of the N system data buses is connected to each of the N memory modules, and each of the N system data buses has a data bus width of M/N bits. The first through P-th memory module groups are operated in response to first through P-th corresponding chip select signals. M is the bit-width of an entire system data bus of the semiconductor memory system. The N system data buses are wired such that data transmission times are the same from each N memory modules that operate in response to the same chip select signal to the memory controller.
Abstract:
Provided are a dendrimer solid acid and a polymer electrolyte membrane using the same. The polymer electrolyte membrane includes a macromolecule of a dendrimer solid acid having ionically conductive terminal groups at the surface thereof and a minimum amount of ionically conductive terminal groups required for ionic conduction, thus suppressing swelling and allowing a uniform distribution of the dendrimer solid acid, thereby improving ionic conductivity. Since the number of ionically conductive terminal groups in the polymer electrolyte membrane is minimized and the polymer matrix in which swelling is suppressed is used, methanol crossover and difficulties of outflow due to a large volume may be reduced, and a macromolecule of the dendrimer solid acid having the ionically conductive terminal groups on the surface thereof is uniformly distributed. Accordingly, ionic conductivity is high and thus, the polymer electrolyte membrane shows good ionic conductivity even in non-humidified conditions.
Abstract:
An oligomer solid acid and a polymer electrolyte membrane using the same. The polymer electrolyte membrane includes a macromolecule of oligomer solid acid having an ionically conductive terminal group at its terminal end and the minimum amount of ionically conductive terminal groups required for ion conduction, thus suppressing swelling and allowing a uniform distribution of the oligomer solid acid, thereby improving ionic conductivity. Since the number of ionically conductive terminal groups in the polymer electrolyte membrane is minimized and the polymer matrix in which swelling is suppressed is used, methanol crossover and difficulties of outflow due to a large volume are minimized, and a macromolecule of the oligomer solid acid having the ionically conductive terminal groups on the surface thereof is uniformly distributed. Accordingly, ionic conductivity is high and thus, the polymer electrolyte membrane shows good ionic conductivity even in low humidity conditions.
Abstract:
An apparatus for coding keys of graphic animation data and a method thereof are provided. The coding apparatus for encoding key data corresponding to time variables among graphic animation comprises a quantizer which quantizes the key data and generates quantized data; a differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) processing unit which DPCM processes the quantized data, receives the DPCM processed data, and by repeatedly performing DPCM processing, selects and outputs DPCM data having the lowest dispersion among N-th order DPCM data generated in the DPCM processing; a polar value removing unit which reduces the range of data by removing a polar value in the DPCM data output form the DPCM processing unit; and an entropy encoder which removes the redundancy of binary bits in the data output from the polar value removing unit and generates a compressed and encoded binary bit stream. In the method, by selecting a code where data dispersion is the lowest according to the characteristic of key data to be coded, redundancy of data to be coded increases such that coding efficiency increases. Also, by removing polar values appearing after DPCM, the coding efficiency increases.
Abstract:
A method is provided for efficiently allocating a transmission period in a wireless network system. An access point (AP) transmits a PSMP frame indicating a downlink period provided to each station (STA) and a minimum amount of an uplink period allocated to each STA, and at least one sub PSMP frame indicating an uplink period additionally provided for an STA that transmitted a resource request message for remaining queued data in the uplink period indicated by the PSMP frame. If the uplink period indicated by the PSMP frame is insufficient to transmit the queued data, the STA transmits a data unit including a part of the queued data and a resource request message for the remaining queued data in the uplink period. After transmitting the resource request message, the STA receives the sub PSMP frame after the full period indicated by the sub PSMP frame, and transmits the remaining queued data to the AP in the uplink period indicted by the sub PSMP frame.
Abstract:
An apparatus and method is provided for efficiently allocating a transmission period in a WLAN system. An access point (AP) transmits a PSMP message providing a downlink period and an uplink period provided to each station (STA), and at least one sub PSMP frame indicating a period of at least one of a downlink and an uplink for an STA requiring additional resource allocation. After exchanging data with the AP in the downlink and uplink periods provided by the PSMP frame, if there is a need for additional resource allocation, the STA receives the at least one sub PSMP frame and exchanges data with the AP in the period provided by the each sub PSMP frame.
Abstract:
A method is provided for efficiently allocating a transmission period in a WLAN system. An access point (AP) transmits a PSMP message providing a downlink period and an uplink period provided to each station (STA), and at least one sub PSMP frame indicating a period of at least one of a downlink and an uplink for an STA requiring additional resource allocation. After exchanging data with the AP in the downlink and uplink periods provided by the PSMP frame, if there is a need for additional resource allocation, the STA receives the at least one sub PSMP frame and exchanges data with the AP in the period provided by the each sub PSMP frame.