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1.发明授权
公开(公告)号：US5641391A
公开(公告)日：1997-06-24
申请号：US440949
申请日：1995-05-15
CPC分类号： C25D5/02 , C25D1/003 , C25D5/026 , C25D5/04 , C25F3/02 , Y10S977/856 , Y10S977/857 , Y10S977/888 , Y10S977/89
摘要： Embodiments of the present invention provide a new method for producing a three dimensional object, particularly suited to microfabrication applications. The method includes the steps of providing a substrate with a conducting interface, an electrode having a feature or features that are small relative to the substrate, and a solution. The solution has a reactant that will either etch the substrate or deposit a selected material in an electrochemical reaction. The electrode feature is placed close to but spaced from the interface. A current is passed between the electrode and the interface, through the solution, inducing a localized electrochemical reaction at the interface, resulting in either the deposition of material or the etching of the substrate. Relatively moving the electrode and the substrate along a selected trajectory, including motion normal to the interface, enables the fabrication of a three dimensional object. In an alternative embodiment, current is passed through an orifice placed close to but spaced from the substrate surface, and may be accompanied by forced convection through the orifice. The method provides the potential to fabricate using many materials, including metals, alloys, polymers and semiconductors in three dimensional forms and with sub-micrometer spatial resolution.
摘要翻译： 本发明的实施例提供了一种特别适用于微细加工应用的三维物体的制造方法。 该方法包括以下步骤：提供具有导电界面的基底，具有相对于基底的特征或特征的电极以及溶液。 该溶液具有将蚀刻底物或在电化学反应中沉积所选择的材料的反应物。 电极特征靠近界面放置。 在电极和界面之间通过溶液通过电流，在界面处引起局部电化学反应，导致材料的沉积或衬底的蚀刻。 沿着选定的轨迹（包括垂直于界面的运动）使电极和衬底相对移动，能够制造三维物体。 在替代实施例中，电流通过靠近但与衬底表面间隔开的孔，并且可伴随着通过孔的强制对流。 该方法提供使用许多材料（包括金属，合金，聚合物和半导体）以三维形式和亚微米空间分辨率来制造的潜力。
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公开(公告)号：US06157113A
公开(公告)日：2000-12-05
申请号：US263980
申请日：1999-03-05
CPC分类号： H02N11/002
摘要： A method for generating electricity is provided utilizing a conducting polymer, an electrolyte and a counterelectrode and applying mechanical work to the polymer thereby generating an electrical potential between the conducting polymer and the counterelectrode. Coupling of the electrical potential is then made to an external circuit. The resultant mechanical to electrical energy conversion efficiency is at least 0.01%. Also provided is a method for braking a mechanical member by utilizing a conducting polymer, coupling it to the mechanical member, generating an electrical potential between the conducting polymer and a counterelectrode and coupling the electrical potential to an external circuit. The step of coupling may include dissipating and/or storing electrical energy in the external circuit. The conducting polymer provided may preferably be polypyrrole. In another embodiment, a brake for the mechanical member is provided.
摘要翻译： 使用导电聚合物，电解质和反电极提供发电的方法，并向聚合物施加机械作用，从而在导电聚合物和对电极之间产生电位。 然后将电位耦合到外部电路。 所得的机电转换效率至少为0.01％。 还提供了一种通过利用导电聚合物制造机械构件的方法，将其耦合到机械构件，在导电聚合物和反电极之间产生电位并将电位耦合到外部电路。 耦合的步骤可以包括在外部电路中耗散和/或存储电能。 所提供的导电聚合物可以优选为聚吡咯。 在另一个实施例中，提供了用于机械构件的制动器。
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公开(公告)号：US6084321A
公开(公告)日：2000-07-04
申请号：US130500
申请日：1998-08-07
CPC分类号： H02N11/006 , F03G7/00 , F03G7/005
摘要： A rotary actuator for applying torque to a crank with respect to a member. The rotary actuator has a substantially planar sheet of anisotropic conducting polymer, portions of which are activated in temporal sequence to produce rotation of the crank with respect to the axis of the crank. Actuation is achieved by contraction of successive portions of the sheet as electrical current causes differential strain in the sheet.
摘要翻译： 用于相对于构件向曲柄施加扭矩的旋转致动器。 旋转致动器具有基本上平面的各向异性导电聚合物片材，其部分在时间上被激活以产生曲柄相对于曲柄轴线的旋转。 通过片材的连续部分的收缩来实现致动，因为电流导致片材中的微分应变。
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公开(公告)号：US06249076B1
公开(公告)日：2001-06-19
申请号：US09292041
申请日：1999-04-14
IPC分类号： H01L4104
CPC分类号： F03G7/005 , A61B2017/00871 , Y10S310/80
摘要： Embodiments of actuators having an active member including a polymer having a surface, an electrolyte coupled to the surface, and an electrolyte are provided. Actuators which, when an electrical potential is applied across the electrolyte between the active member and the counter electrode, exert force per unit area of at least 10 MPa are described. Particular designs utilizing stretch aligned conducting polymers as active members are discussed.
摘要翻译： 提供具有包括具有表面的聚合物的活性构件，耦合到表面的电解质和电解质的致动器的实施方案。 当在有源构件和对电极之间跨越电解质施加电位时施加至少10MPa的每单位面积的力的致动器。 讨论了使用拉伸对齐的导电聚合物作为活性成员的特殊设计。
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公开(公告)号：US20110028676A1
公开(公告)日：2011-02-03
申请号：US12701986
申请日：2010-02-08
申请人： Patrick A. Anquetil , Ian W. Hunter , John D. Madden , Peter G. Madden , Anthony E. Pullen , Timothy M. Swager , Bing Xu , Hsiao-hua Yu
发明人： Patrick A. Anquetil , Ian W. Hunter , John D. Madden , Peter G. Madden , Anthony E. Pullen , Timothy M. Swager , Bing Xu , Hsiao-hua Yu
IPC分类号： C08G65/38
CPC分类号： H01B1/127 , C08G61/122 , H01B1/128
摘要： The synthesis of thiophene based conducting polymer molecular actuators, exhibiting electrically triggered molecular conformational transitions is reported. Actuation is believed to be the result of conformational rearrangement of the polymer backbone at the molecular level, not simply ion intercalation in the bulk polymer chain upon electrochemical activation. Molecular actuation results from π-π stacking of thiophene oligomers upon oxidation, producing a reversible molecular displacement that leads to surprising material properties, such as electrically controllable porosity and large strains. The existence of active molecular conformational changes is supported by in situ electrochemical data. Single molecule techniques have been used to characterize the molecular actuators.
摘要翻译： 报道了噻吩基导电聚合物分子致动器的合成，显示出电触发的分子构象转变。 认为激发是聚合物骨架在分子水平上的构象重排的结果，而不是简单地在电化学活化时主体聚合物链中的离子嵌入。 分子致动结果来自＆pgr; - ＆pgr; 在氧化时堆叠噻吩低聚物，产生可逆的分子位移，导致令人惊奇的材料性质，例如电可控孔隙率和大应变。 活性分子构象变化的存在由原位电化学数据支持。 已经使用单分子技术来表征分子致动器。
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公开(公告)号：US07138075B2
公开(公告)日：2006-11-21
申请号：US10392354
申请日：2003-03-19
申请人： Patrick A. Anquetil , Ian W. Hunter , John D. Madden , Peter G. Madden , Anthony E. Pullen , Timothy M. Swager , Bing Xu , Hsiao-hua Yu
发明人： Patrick A. Anquetil , Ian W. Hunter , John D. Madden , Peter G. Madden , Anthony E. Pullen , Timothy M. Swager , Bing Xu , Hsiao-hua Yu
IPC分类号： H01B1/00 , C07D495/00
CPC分类号： H01B1/127 , C08G61/122 , H01B1/128
摘要： The synthesis of thiophene based conducting polymer molecular actuators, exhibiting electrically triggered molecular conformational transitions is reported. Actuation is believed to be the result of conformational rearrangement of the polymer backbone at the molecular level, not simply ion intercalation in the bulk polymer chain upon electrochemical activation. Molecular actuation results from π—π stacking of thiophene oligomers upon oxidation, producing a reversible molecular displacement that leads to surprising material properties, such as electrically controllable porosity and large strains. The existence of active molecular conformational changes is supported by in situ electrochemical data. Single molecule techniques have been used to characterize the molecular actuators.
摘要翻译： 报道了噻吩基导电聚合物分子致动器的合成，显示出电触发的分子构象转变。 认为激发是聚合物骨架在分子水平上的构象重排的结果，而不是简单地在电化学活化时主体聚合物链中的离子嵌入。 分子致动由氧化后噻吩低聚物的pi-pi堆叠产生，产生可逆的分子位移，导致令人惊奇的材料性质，例如电可控孔隙率和大应变。 活性分子构象变化的存在由原位电化学数据支持。 已经使用单分子技术来表征分子致动器。
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公开(公告)号：US07256529B2
公开(公告)日：2007-08-14
申请号：US10172810
申请日：2002-06-13
申请人： Ian W. Hunter , John D. Madden
发明人： Ian W. Hunter , John D. Madden
IPC分类号： H02N2/00
CPC分类号： F03G7/005 , H01H57/00 , H01H2300/036
摘要： A method for driving an actuator. The method includes applying an electrical potential across an electrostrictive material relative to a counterelectrode disposed within an electrolyte, thereby creating a double layer potential across a region of enhanced ionic concentration. A current flowing between the electorostrictive material and the counterelectrode is measured. A portion of the applied potential appearing across the electrolyte and counterelectrode is calculated and subtracted from the applied potential to obtain an estimated double layer potential. The applied electrical potential is adjusted to obtain a specified double layer potential.
摘要翻译： 一种用于驱动致动器的方法。 该方法包括相对于设置在电解质内的反电极施加横跨电致伸缩材料的电势，由此在增强的离子浓度区域上产生双层电位。 测量在电致伸缩材料和反电极之间流动的电流。 计算出在电解质和对电极两端出现的施加电位的一部分，并从施加电位中减去得到估计的双层电位。 调整所施加的电位以获得规定的双层电位。
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公开(公告)号：US4087630A
公开(公告)日：1978-05-02
申请号：US796191
申请日：1977-05-12
申请人： Iben Browning , Carl L. Berney , Robert G. Chapman, Jr. , George Glaser , John D. Madden , L. John Postas
发明人： Iben Browning , Carl L. Berney , Robert G. Chapman, Jr. , George Glaser , John D. Madden , L. John Postas
CPC分类号： B60R16/0373 , G10L15/00
摘要： An apparatus and method wherein speech or other signals are sampled during a time slice of approximately 1/30 second and spectrum analysis is performed on the samples, producing measures of amplitude in several frequency bands with each frequency band being characterized by a binary digit indicating the presence or absence of significant amplitude. The binary digits are collectively referred to as a sonogram. Sonograms for several time slices are then concatenated, randomized and decoded using an n-tuple technique to produce a pattern corresponding to the current speech signal. This pattern is learned by superimposing it on an existing vocabulary entry and is subsequently recognized if it is sufficiently similar to one vocabulary entry and different from all others.
摘要翻译： 一种在大约1/30秒的时间片内对语音或其他信号进行采样并对样本进行频谱分析的装置和方法，产生几个频带中的幅度测量，每个频带的特征在于二进制数字， 存在或不存在显着幅度。 二进制数字统称为超声波图。 然后使用n元组技术对几个时间片段的Sonogram进行级联，随机和解码，以产生与当前语音信号相对应的模式。 该模式通过将其叠加在现有的词汇条目上而被学习，并且随后被识别，如果它与一个词汇条目充分相似并且与所有其他词汇条目不同。
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公开(公告)号：US07432630B2
公开(公告)日：2008-10-07
申请号：US11781526
申请日：2007-07-23
申请人： Ian Hunter , John D. Madden
发明人： Ian Hunter , John D. Madden
IPC分类号： H01L41/08
CPC分类号： F03G7/005 , H01H57/00 , H01H2300/036
摘要： A method for driving an actuator. The method includes applying an electrical potential across an electrostrictive material relative to a counterelectrode disposed within an electrolyte, thereby creating a double layer potential across a region of enhanced ionic concentration. A current flowing between the electorostrictive material and the counterelectrode is measured. A portion of the applied potential appearing across the electrolyte and counterelectrode is calculated and subtracted from the applied potential to obtain an estimated double layer potential. The applied electrical potential is adjusted to obtain a specified double layer potential.
摘要翻译： 一种用于驱动致动器的方法。 该方法包括相对于设置在电解质内的反电极施加横跨电致伸缩材料的电势，由此在增强的离子浓度区域上产生双层电位。 测量在电致伸缩材料和反电极之间流动的电流。 计算出在电解质和对电极两端出现的施加电位的一部分，并从施加电位中减去得到估计的双层电位。 调整所施加的电位以获得规定的双层电位。
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