摘要:
One aspect of the present invention relates to copper-catalyzed carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bond-forming methods. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to copper-catalyzed methods of forming a carbon-sulfur bond between the sulfur atom of a thiol moiety and the activated carbon of an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl halide or sulfonate. In other embodiments, the present invention relates to copper(II)-catalyzed methods of forming a carbon-nitrogen bond between the nitrogen atom of an amide and the activated carbon of an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl halide or sulfonate. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to copper-catalyzed methods of forming a carbon-carbon bond between the carbon atom of cyanide ion and the activated carbon of an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl halide or sulfonate. In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a copper-catalyzed method of transforming and aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl iodide. Yet another embodiment of the present invention relates to a tandem method, which may be practiced in a single reaction vessel, wherein the first step of the method involves the copper-catalyzed formation of an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl iodide from the corresponding aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl chloride or bromide; and the second step of the method involves the copper-catalyzed formation of an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl nitrile, amide or sulfide from the aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl iodide formed in the first step.
摘要:
A process for extracting from aqueous solution the alkali metal or ammonium salt of a phenol, naphthol, anthrol or phenanthrol or the corresponding thiol, which comprises contacting an aqueous alkaline or neutral solution of the alkali metal or ammonium salt, in which is dissolved an alkali metal or ammonium fluoride, chloride, bromide, hydroxide, nitrate, nitrite, sulphate, sulphite, sulphide, thiosulphate, phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, carbonate, bicarbonate, cyanate, thiocyanate, borate, chlorate, chlorite, hypochlorite, perchlorate, chromate, dichromate or permanganate, with a partially water-miscible organic solvent so as to transfer aqueous solution of the alkali metal or ammonium salt of the phenol, naphthol, anthrol or phenanthrol or corresponding thiol into the solvent whilst retaining separate aqueous and solvent phases, and thereafter separating the solvent phase containing the alkali metal or ammonium salt and water from the aqueous phase, the ratio of solvent to water in the separated solvent phase being from 0.5:1 to 10:1 w/w.
摘要:
An optical material having improved heat resistance, in particular, a GI type POF containing a dopant. It contains at least one aromatic sulfide compound represented by the general formula (1): (1) wherein n is an integer of 2 to 12; k is an integer of 1 to n; A represents an optionally substituted, carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic ring having a valence of n; and B to B each independently represents an optionally substituted, carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic ring.
摘要:
The present invention is directed to compounds that bind to a novel regulatory site in the I domain of LFA-1, and thereby inhibit LFA-1 binding to ICAMs that bind LFA-1. The present invention therefore also provides methods to regulate leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells. Compounds of the ivnention are useful for the treatment of pathologies, such as those associated inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, tumor metastasis, allograft rejection and reperfusion injury. In particular, the present invention is directed to diaryl sulfides of general structural formula (I), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or prodrug thereof, and to the use of diaryl sulfides, and particularly compounds of formula (I), to inhibit LFA-1 binding to an ICAM that binds LFA-1 wherein A and B, independently, are aryl groups selected from the group consisting of 5- and 6-membered aromatic rings, including, but not limited to, phenyl, thienyl, furyl, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrrolyl, and pyridazinyl.
摘要:
A process for producing aromatic disulfides represented by the following general formula (II): Yn-Ar-S-S-Ar-Yn wherein Ar represents an aromatic hydrocarbyl ring; Y represents a monovalent electron attractive group and when n is 2 or more, then Y's may be the same or different; and n is an integer of 1 to 12; characterized by reacting aromatic thioethers (A) represented by the following general formula (I): Yn-Ar-S-R wherein Ar, Y and n are as defined above; and R represents monovalent hydrocarbyl selected from the group consisting of monovalent tertiary hydrocarbyl, benzyl and monovalent secondary hydrocarbyl derived from benzyl; with at least one member selected from among the following (1) to (4): (1) bromine; (2) (a) hydrogen bromide and (b) hydrogen peroxide; (3) (c) chlorine in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodine and/or hydrogen iodide; and (4) (d) hydrogen chloride and (b) hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodine and/or hydrogen iodide.
摘要:
A process for the preparation of aromatic thiols represented by the general formula (I): Yn-Ar-(SH)m (wherein Ar is an aromatic hydrocarbon residue; Y is at least one kind of substituent bonded to a carbon atom constituting the aromatic ring of Ar, which is selected from the group consisting of halogeno, -NO2, -CN, -SO3H, -SO2NH2 and hydrocarbylsulfonyl; m is an integer of 1 or above; and n is an integer of 0 or above), characterized by reacting an aromatic thio ether represented by the general formula (II): Yn-Ar-(SR)m (wherein Ar, Y, m and n are each as defined above; R is secondary or tertiary hydrocarbyl, or primary hydrocarbyl represented by the general formula: -CH2-R or -CH2-CR =C(R )2 wherein R is a monovalent aromatic ring group optionally substituted by hydrocarbyl; and R is hydrogen or hydrocarbyl) in the presence of (A) a Lewis acid or a protonic acid (with the proviso that when a protonic acid is used, primary hydrocarbyl is excluded from R) and a solvent, and, if necessary, hydrolyzing the reaction product thus obtained.