Abstract:
A method of fabricating a perovskite-based optoelectronic device is provided, the method comprising: forming an active layer comprising organometal halide perovskite; making a solution comprising a hole transport material (HTM) and a solvent, the solvent having a boiling point lower than that of chlorobenzene; and forming a hole transport layer (HTL) by spin-coating the solution on the active layer. The solvents having a boiling point lower than that of chlorobenzene include chloroform and dichloromethane.
Abstract:
A system and method for fabricating a perovskite film is provided, the system including a housing for use as a CVD furnace having first and second sections coupled with first and second temperature control units, respectively. The first and second sections correspond substantially to the upstream and downstream of gases, respectively. One or more substrates are loaded in the second section and controlled by the second temperature control unit, and an evaporation unit containing an organic halide material is loaded in the first section and controlled by the first temperature control unit. Each of the substrates is pre-deposited with a metal halide material. The inside of the housing is pumped down to a low pressure.
Abstract:
A system and method for fabricating perovskite films for solar cell applications are provided, the system including a housing for use as a vacuum chamber, a substrate stage coupled to the top section of the housing; a first evaporator unit coupled to the bottom section of the housing and configured to generate BX2 (metal halide material) vapor; a second evaporator unit coupled to the housing and configured to generate AX (organic material) vapor; and a flow control unit coupled to the housing for controlling circulation of the AX vapor. The dimensions of the horizontal cross-sectional shape of the first evaporator unit, the dimensions of the horizontal cross-sectional shape of the substrate stage, and the relative position in the horizontal direction between the two horizontal cross-sectional shapes are configured to maximize the overlap between the two horizontal cross-sectional shapes.
Abstract:
A system and method for fabricating a perovskite film is provided, the system including a substrate stage configured to rotate around its central axis at a rotation speed, a first set of evaporation units, each coupled to the side section or the bottom section of the chamber, a second set of evaporation units coupled to the bottom section, and a shield defining two or more zones having respective horizontal cross-sectional areas, which are open and facing the substrate, designated for the two or more evaporation units in the second set. The resultant perovskite film includes multiple unit layers, wherein each unit layer is formed by one rotation of the substrate stage, and the composition and thickness of the unit layer are controlled by adjusting at least the evaporation rates, the rotation speed and the horizontal cross-sectional areas.
Abstract:
The present invention relates to novel 4-substituted pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid derivatives, compounds of formula I, wherein R1 and R2 are defined herein. The compounds of formula I are useful for making pharmaceutical compositions to treat proliferative diseases. The present invention also relates to concise methods for preparing compounds of formula I that may be performed under mild reaction conditions.
Abstract:
In a plurality of data analysis apparatuses communicatively coupled to one another, a database is accessed at a given access level. Based on the data acquired from the database, an application program is executed to perform data analysis. Communication control is performed to allow transmission and reception of a data analysis result with respect to another data analysis apparatus at a different access level.
Abstract:
A wave energy converter system includes a plurality of wave energy converter units installed at or adjacent to a shoreline to receive water flows caused by ocean waves approaching the shoreline, each of the wave energy converter units including: a generator having a rotor shaft, the generator being configured to generate electricity in accordance with rotation of the rotor shaft; and a plurality of blades attached to the rotor shaft, the plurality of blades causing the rotor shaft of the generator to rotate in response to the water flows that impinge on the blades, thereby generating electricity; and a power conditioner installed onshore to receive the electricity generated by each of the plurality of wave energy converter units, the power conditioner providing consolidated electricity to an external power grid.
Abstract:
A method of inverse reinforcement learning for estimating reward and value functions of behaviors of a subject includes: acquiring data representing changes in state variables that define the behaviors of the subject; applying a modified Bellman equation given by Eq. (1) to the acquired data: r ( x ) + γ V ( y ) - V ( x ) = ln π ( y | x ) b ( y | x ) , ( 1 ) = ln π ( x , y ) b ( x , y ) - ln π ( x ) b ( x ) , ( 2 ) where r(x) and V(x) denote a reward function and a value function, respectively, at state x, and γ represents a discount factor, and b(y|x) and π(y|x) denote state transition probabilities before and after learning, respectively; estimating a logarithm of the density ratio π(x)/b(x) in Eq. (2); estimating r(x) and V(x) in Eq. (2) from the result of estimating a log of the density ratio π(x,y)/b(x,y); and outputting the estimated r(x) and V(x).
Abstract:
The present invention relates to a method for screening a compound that inhibits secretion of toxins into host-cell cytoplasm by virulent bacteria using a needle type III secretion system. The compound of the invention is selected by screening for a compound which interacts with a loop region of the cytoplasmic domain of the membrane protein FlhB from Salmonella typhimurium or a paralog thereof Compositions including the compound of the invention, use of the compound, and methods of treating disorders caused by virulent bacteria are also provided.
Abstract:
A low energy electron diffraction (LEED) detection module (100) includes: a first vacuum chamber for receiving diffracted electrons from a specimen (109); a larger second vacuum chamber connected to the first vacuum chamber to receive the diffracted electrons that have been transported through the first vacuum chamber; a two-dimensional electron detector disposed in the second vacuum chamber to detect the diffracted electrons; a potential shield (106) disposed generally along an inner surface of the first vacuum chamber and an inner surface of the second vacuum chamber; a magnetic lens (105) to expand a beam of the diffracted electrons that have been transported through the first vacuum chamber towards the two-dimensional electron detector; and a generally plane-shaped energy filter (103) to repel electrons having an energy lower than the probe beam (203) of electrons that impinges on the specimen (109).