公开(公告)号：US07663007B2

公开(公告)日：2010-02-16

申请号：US11988259

申请日：2006-08-04

申请人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao ,  H. David Rosenfeld ,  Allen Capron Sievert ,  Shekhar Subramoney

发明人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao ,  H. David Rosenfeld ,  Allen Capron Sievert ,  Shekhar Subramoney

IPC分类号： C07C17/00

CPC分类号： B01J23/868 ,  B01J37/0009 ,  B01J37/03 ,  B01J37/26 ,  C07C17/206 ,  C07C17/21 ,  C07C17/23 ,  C07C17/25 ,  C07C17/354 ,  C07C19/08 ,  C07C21/18 ,  C07C19/10

摘要： A process for the manufacture of CF3CH═CHF and/or CF3CH═CF2 is disclosed. The process involves (a) reacting HF and at least one halopropene of the formula CX3CCI═CCIX (where each X is independently F or CI) to produce a product including both CF3CCI═CF2 and CF3CHCICF3; (b) reacting CF3CCI═CF2 and/or CF3CHCICF3 produced in (a) with hydrogen to produce a product including CF3CH2CHF2 and/or CF3CH2CF3; (c) dehydrofluorinating CF3CH2CHF2 and/or CF3CH2CF3 produced in (b) to produce a product comprising CF3CH═CHF and/or CF3CH═CF2; and (d) recovering CF3CH═CHF and/or CF3CH═CF2 from the product produced in (c). In (a), the CF3CCI═CF2 and CF3CHCICF3 are produced in the presence of a fluorination catalyst comprising at least one chromium-containing component selected from (i) a crystalline alpha-chromium oxide where at least 0.05 atom % of the chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice are replaced by divalent copper, and (ii) a chromium-containing composition of (i) which has been treated with a fluorinating agent.

摘要翻译： 公开了制备CF 3 CH-CHF和/或CF 3 CH-CF 2的方法。 该方法包括（a）HF和至少一种式CX3CCI-CCIX的卤代丙烯（其中每个X独立地为F或Cl）反应以产生包含CF 3 CCl-CF 2和CF 3 CHCICF 3的产物; （b）使（a）中制备的CF 3 CCl-CF 2和/或CF 3 CHCICF 3与氢反应以产生包含CF 3 CH 2 CHF 2和/或CF 3 CH 2 CF 3的产物; （c）在（b）中制备的CF 3 CH 2 CHF 2和/或CF 3 CH 2 CF 3脱氟化氢以产生包含CF 3 CH-CHF和/或CF 3 CH-CF 2的产物; 和（d）从（c）中制备的产物中回收CF 3 CH-CHF和/或CF 3 CH-CF 2。 在（a）中，CF 3 CCl-CF 2和CF 3 CHCICF 3在含有至少一种含铬组分的氟​​化催化剂的存在下制备，所述含铬组分选自（i）结晶α-氧化铬，其中至少0.05原子％ 所述α-氧化铬晶格被二价铜取代，和（ii）已经用氟化剂处理的（i）的含铬组合物。

公开(公告)号：US20090137853A1

公开(公告)日：2009-05-28

申请号：US11988436

申请日：2006-08-04

申请人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao ,  David H. Rosenfeld ,  Allen Capron Sievert ,  Shekhar Subramoney

发明人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao ,  David H. Rosenfeld ,  Allen Capron Sievert ,  Shekhar Subramoney

IPC分类号： C07C17/087

CPC分类号： B01J23/868 ,  B01J37/0009 ,  B01J37/03 ,  C07C17/206 ,  C07C17/21 ,  C07C17/23 ,  C07C17/25 ,  C07C19/08 ,  C07C21/18 ,  C07C19/10

摘要： A process for the manufacture of CF3CH2CHF2 and/or CF3CH2CF3 is disclosed. The process involves (a) reacting HF and at least one halopropene of the formula CX3CCI═CCIX (where each X is independently F or Cl) to produce a product including both CF3CCI═CF2 and CF3CHCICF3; (b) reacting CF3CCI═CF2 and/or CF3CHCICF3 produced in (a) with hydrogen to produce a product including CF3CH2CHF2 and/or CF3CH2CF3; and (c) recovering CF3CH2CHF2 and/or CF3CH2CF3 from the product produced in (b). In (a), the CF3CCI═CF2 and CF3CHCICF3 are produced in the presence of a fluorination catalyst comprising at least one chromium-containing component selected from (i) a crystalline alpha-chromium oxide where at least 0.05 atom % of the chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice are replaced by divalent copper, and (ii) a chromium-containing composition of (i) which has been treated with a fluorinating agent.

摘要翻译： 公开了制备CF 3 CH 2 CHF 2和/或CF 3 CH 2 CF 3的方法。 该方法包括（a）使HF和式CX3CCI-CCIX（其中每个X独立地为F或Cl）至少一种卤代丙烯反应以产生包含CF 3 CCl-CF 2和CF 3 CHCICF 3的产物; （b）使（a）中制备的CF 3 CCl-CF 2和/或CF 3 CHCICF 3与氢反应以产生包含CF 3 CH 2 CHF 2和/或CF 3 CH 2 CF 3的产物; 和（c）从（b）中制备的产物中回收CF 3 CH 2 CHF 2和/或CF 3 CH 2 CF 3。 在（a）中，CF 3 CCl-CF 2和CF 3 CHCICF 3在含有至少一种含铬组分的氟​​化催化剂的存在下制备，所述含铬组分选自（i）结晶α-氧化铬，其中至少0.05原子％ 所述α-氧化铬晶格被二价铜取代，和（ii）已经用氟化剂处理的（i）的含铬组合物。

公开(公告)号：US20080207964A1

公开(公告)日：2008-08-28

申请号：US12070827

申请日：2008-02-21

申请人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao ,  Allen Capron Sievert ,  H. David Rosenfeld ,  Shekhar Subramoney

发明人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao ,  Allen Capron Sievert ,  H. David Rosenfeld ,  Shekhar Subramoney

IPC分类号： C07C17/04 ,  C07C17/02 ,  B01J27/132 ,  B01J23/68

CPC分类号： C07C19/08 ,  B01J23/685 ,  B01J35/0013 ,  B01J35/006 ,  B01J37/0201 ,  B01J37/03 ,  B01J37/14 ,  B01J37/26 ,  C07C17/206 ,  C07C17/21 ,  C07C17/23 ,  C07C17/25 ,  C07C21/18 ,  C07C19/10

摘要： A catalyst composition is disclosed that includes chromium, oxygen, and gold as essential constituent elements. The amount of gold in the composition is from about 0.05 atom % to about 10 atom % based on the total amount of chromium and gold. Also disclosed is a process for changing the fluorine distribution (i.e., content and/or arrangement) in a hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon in the presence of the catalyst composition; and methods for preparing said catalyst composition. One preparation method involves; (a) co-precipitating a solid by adding ammonium hydroxide (aqueous ammonia) to an aqueous solution of a soluble gold salt and a soluble chromium salt that contains at least three moles of nitrate per mole of chromium in the solution and has a gold content of from about 0.05 atom % to about 10 atom % of the total content of gold and chromium in the solution to form an aqueous mixture containing co-precipitated solid; (b) drying the co-precipitated solid formed in (a); and (c) calcining the dried solid formed in (b) in an atmosphere containing at least 10% oxygen by volume. Another preparation method involves (a) impregnating solid chromium oxide with a solution of a soluble gold salt, (b) drying the impregnated chromium oxide prepared in (a); and optionally, (c) calcining the dried solid. A third preparation method involves (a) evaporating an aqueous solution of chromium(VI) oxide and a soluble gold salt to form a solid; (b) drying the solid formed in (a); and (c) calcining the dried solid formed in (b) in an atmosphere containing at least 10% oxygen by volume.

摘要翻译： 公开了一种催化剂组合物，其包括铬，氧和金作为必要的组分元素。 基于铬和金的总量，组合物中的金的量为约0.05原子％至约10原子％。 还公开了在催化剂组合物存在下改变烃或卤代烃中的氟分布（即含量和/或排列）的方法; 以及制备所述催化剂组合物的方法。 一种制备方法涉及到 （a）通过向溶液中每摩尔铬含有至少三摩尔硝酸盐的可溶性金盐和可溶性铬盐的水溶液中加入氢氧化铵（氨水）共沉淀固体，并且具有金含量 为溶液中金和铬的总含量的约0.05原子％至约10原子％，以形成含共沉淀固体的含水混合物; （b）干燥（a）中形成的共沉淀固体; 和（c）在（b）中形成的干燥固体在含有至少10体积％氧气的气氛中煅烧。 另一种制备方法包括（a）用可溶性金盐溶液浸渍固体氧化铬，（b）干燥（a）中制备的浸渍的氧化铬; 和（c）煅烧干燥的固体。 第三制备方法包括（a）蒸发氧化铬（VI）的水溶液和可溶性金盐以形成固体; （b）干燥（a）中形成的固体; 和（c）在（b）中形成的干燥固体在含有至少10体积％氧气的气氛中煅烧。

公开(公告)号：US07217678B2

公开(公告)日：2007-05-15

申请号：US10523228

申请日：2003-08-21

申请人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao ,  H. David Rosenfeld ,  Allen C. Sievert ,  Shekhar Subramoney ,  Munirpallam Appadorai Subramanian

发明人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao ,  H. David Rosenfeld ,  Allen C. Sievert ,  Shekhar Subramoney ,  Munirpallam Appadorai Subramanian

IPC分类号： B01J27/06 ,  B01J23/00

CPC分类号： C07C17/21 ,  B01J23/864 ,  B01J35/002 ,  B01J35/1014 ,  B01J37/0236 ,  B01J37/03 ,  C07C17/00 ,  C07C17/08 ,  C07C17/10 ,  C07C17/20 ,  C07C17/206 ,  C07C17/23 ,  C07C17/25 ,  C07C17/358 ,  C07C17/37 ,  C07C21/18 ,  C07C21/04 ,  C07C19/08 ,  C07C21/06 ,  C07C19/12 ,  C07C19/10

摘要： A crystalline alpha-chromium oxide where from about 0.05 atom % to about 6 atom % of the chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice are replaced by trivalent cobalt (Co+3) atoms is disclosed. Also disclosed is a chromium-containing catalyst composition comprising as a chromium-containing component the crystalline cobalt-substituted alpha-chromium oxide; and a method for preparing a composition comprising the crystalline cobalt-substituted alpha-chromium oxide. The method involves (a) co-precipitating a solid by adding ammonium hydroxide to an aqueous solution of a soluble cobalt salt and a soluble trivalent chromium salt that contains at least three moles of nitrate per mole of chromium in the solution and has a cobalt concentration of from about 0.05 mole % to about 6 mole % of the total concentration of cobalt and chromium in the solution; and after at least three moles E of ammonium per mole of chromium in the solution has been added to the solution, (b) collecting the co-precipitated solid formed in (a); (c) drying the collected solid; and (d) calcining the dried solid. Also disclosed is a chromium-containing catalyst composition comprising a chromium-containing component prepared by treating the crystalline cobalt-substituted alpha-chromium oxide with a fluorinating agent; and a process for changing the fluorine distribution (i.e., content and/or arrangement) in a hydrocarbon or halogenated hydrocarbon in the presence of a catalyst. The process involves using as the catalyst a composition comprising the crystalline cobalt-substituted alpha-chromium oxide and/or the treated cobalt-substituted alpha-chromium oxide.

摘要翻译： 公开了一种结晶α-Cr氧化物，其中α-Cr氧化物晶格中约0.05原子％至约6原子％的铬原子被三价钴（Co + O 3+）原子所取代。 还公开了含铬催化剂组合物，其包含结晶钴取代的α-氧化铬作为含铬组分; 以及制备包含结晶钴取代的α-氧化铬的组合物的方法。 该方法包括（a）通过向可溶性钴盐和可溶性三价铬盐的水溶液中加入氢氧化铵共沉淀固体，该溶液在溶液中每摩尔铬含有至少三摩尔硝酸盐，并且具有钴浓度 为溶液中钴和铬的总浓度的约0.05摩尔％至约6摩尔％ 并且在溶液中每摩尔铬至少三摩尔E之后的铵加入到溶液中，（b）收集（a）中形成的共沉淀固体; （c）干燥收集的固体; 和（d）煅烧干燥的固体。 还公开了一种含铬催化剂组合物，其包含通过用氟化剂处理结晶钴取代的α-氧化铬制备的含铬组分; 以及在催化剂存在下改变烃或卤代烃中的氟分布（即含量和/或排列）的方法。 该方法包括使用包含结晶钴取代的α-氧化铬和/或经处理的钴取代的α-氧化铬的组合物作为催化剂。

公开(公告)号：US06310431B1

公开(公告)日：2001-10-30

申请号：US09068483

申请日：1998-05-12

申请人： Graciela Beatriz Blanchet-Fincher ,  William Leo Holstein ,  Syed Ismat Ullah Shah ,  Shekhar Subramoney

发明人： Graciela Beatriz Blanchet-Fincher ,  William Leo Holstein ,  Syed Ismat Ullah Shah ,  Shekhar Subramoney

IPC分类号： H01J130

CPC分类号： H01J1/304 ,  H01J2201/30446

摘要： Annealed carbon soot is useful as an electron field emitter. Field emitting cathodes made up of annealed carbon soot attached to the surface of a substrate are also provided. The field emitters and field emitter cathodes are useful in vacuum electronic devices, flat panel computer and television displays, emission gate amplifiers, klystrons and lighting devices.

摘要翻译： 退火碳烟炭可用作电子场发射体。 还提供了由附着在基板表面上的退火碳烟组成的场发射阴极。 场发射极和场发射极阴极可用于真空电子设备，平板电脑和电视显示器，发射门放大器，速调管和照明装置。

公开(公告)号：US20120128565A1

公开(公告)日：2012-05-24

申请号：US11868023

申请日：2007-10-05

申请人： Konstantinos Kourtakis ,  Shekhar Subramoney

发明人： Konstantinos Kourtakis ,  Shekhar Subramoney

IPC分类号： C01B31/36 ,  B82Y30/00

CPC分类号： B82Y40/00 ,  B82Y30/00 ,  C01B32/956 ,  C01P2004/16

摘要： Described are boron carbide nanorods that have a molar ratio of 8:1 boron to carbon.

摘要翻译： 描述了具有8:1硼与碳的摩尔比的碳化硼纳米棒。

公开(公告)号：US08017817B2

公开(公告)日：2011-09-13

申请号：US11988257

申请日：2006-08-04

申请人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao ,  H. David Rosenfeld ,  Allen Capron Sievert ,  Shekhar Subramoney

发明人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao ,  H. David Rosenfeld ,  Allen Capron Sievert ,  Shekhar Subramoney

IPC分类号： C07C7/00

CPC分类号： B01J37/03 ,  B01J23/868 ,  B01J37/0009 ,  B01J37/26 ,  C07C17/21 ,  C07C17/23 ,  C07C17/25 ,  C07C21/18 ,  C07C19/10 ,  C07C19/08

摘要： A process for the manufacture of CF3CH═CF2 and CF3CF═CHF is disclosed. The process involves (a) reacting HF and chlorine and at least one halopropene of the formula CX3CCI═CCIX (where each X is independently F or Cl) to produce a product including both CF3CCI2CF3 and CF3CCIFCCIF2; (b) reacting CF3CCI2CF3 and CF3CCIFCCIF2 produced in (a) with hydrogen to produce a product including both CF3CH2CF3 and CF3CHFCHF2; (c) dehydrofluorinating CF3CH2CF3 and CF3CHFCHF2 produced in (b) to produce a product including both CF3CH═CF2 and CF3CF═CHF; and (d) recovering CF3CH═CF2 and CF3CF═CHF from the product produced in (c). In (a), both CF3CCI2CF3 and CF3CCIFCCIF2 are produced in the presence of a chlorofluorination catalyst consisting of (i) compositions comprising a crystalline alpha-chromium oxide where at least 0.05 atom % of the chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice are replaced by copper, and (H) compositions of (i) which have been treated with a fluorinating agent.

摘要翻译： 公开了制备CF 3 CH 2 CF 2和CF 3 CF = CHF的方法。 该方法包括（a）使HF和氯与至少一种式CX3CCI = CCIX的卤代丙烯（其中每个X独立地为F或Cl）反应，以产生包含CF 3 CCl 2 CF 3和CF 3 CClFCCIF 2的产物; （b）使（a）中制备的CF 3 CCl 2 CF 3和CF 3 CClFCCIF 2与氢反应以产生包含CF 3 CH 2 CF 3和CF 3 CHFCHF 2的产物; （c）在（b）中制备的CF 3 CH 2 CF 3和CF 3 CHFCHF 2脱氟化氟化产生包括CF 3 CH 2 CF 2和CF 3 CF = CHF的产物; 和（d）从（c）中制备的产物中回收CF 3CH≡CF2和CF 3 CF = CHF。 在（a）中，CF 3 CCl 2 CF 3和CF 3 CClFCCIF 2均在氯氟化催化剂存在下制备，所述氯氟化催化剂由（i）包含α-氧化铬晶格中至少0.05原子％的铬原子的结晶α-氧化铬的组合物组成 通过铜和（H）组合物（i）已用氟化剂处理。

公开(公告)号：US07659436B2

公开(公告)日：2010-02-09

申请号：US11988436

申请日：2006-08-04

申请人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao ,  H. David Rosenfeld ,  Allen Capron Sievert ,  Shekhar Subramoney

发明人： Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao ,  H. David Rosenfeld ,  Allen Capron Sievert ,  Shekhar Subramoney

IPC分类号： C07C17/00 ,  C07C17/10

CPC分类号： B01J23/868 ,  B01J37/0009 ,  B01J37/03 ,  C07C17/206 ,  C07C17/21 ,  C07C17/23 ,  C07C17/25 ,  C07C19/08 ,  C07C21/18 ,  C07C19/10

摘要： A process for the manufacture of CF3CH2CHF2 and/or CF3CH2CF3 is disclosed. The process involves (a) reacting HF and at least one halopropene of the formula CX3CCI═CCIX (where each X is independently F or Cl) to produce a product including both CF3CCI═CF2 and CF3CHCICF3; (b) reacting CF3CCI═CF2 and/or CF3CHCICF3 produced in (a) with hydrogen to produce a product including CF3CH2CHF2 and/or CF3CH2CF3; and (c) recovering CF3CH2CHF2 and/or CF3CH2CF3 from the product produced in (b). In (a), the CF3CCI═CF2 and CF3CHCICF3 are produced in the presence of a fluorination catalyst comprising at least one chromium-containing component selected from (i) a crystalline alpha-chromium oxide where at least 0.05 atom % of the chromium atoms in the alpha-chromium oxide lattice are replaced by divalent copper, and (ii) a chromium-containing composition of (i) which has been treated with a fluorinating agent.

摘要翻译： 公开了制备CF 3 CH 2 CHF 2和/或CF 3 CH 2 CF 3的方法。 该方法包括（a）使HF和式CX3CCI-CCIX（其中每个X独立地为F或Cl）至少一种卤代丙烯反应以产生包含CF 3 CCl-CF 2和CF 3 CHCICF 3的产物; （b）使（a）中制备的CF 3 CCl-CF 2和/或CF 3 CHCICF 3与氢反应以产生包含CF 3 CH 2 CHF 2和/或CF 3 CH 2 CF 3的产物; 和（c）从（b）中制备的产物中回收CF 3 CH 2 CHF 2和/或CF 3 CH 2 CF 3。 在（a）中，CF 3 CCl-CF 2和CF 3 CHCICF 3在含有至少一种含铬组分的氟​​化催化剂的存在下制备，所述含铬组分选自（i）结晶α-氧化铬，其中至少0.05原子％ 所述α-氧化铬晶格被二价铜取代，和（ii）已经用氟化剂处理的（i）的含铬组合物。

公开(公告)号：US07435700B2

公开(公告)日：2008-10-14

申请号：US10572628

申请日：2004-10-13

申请人： Tammy Georgette Amos ,  Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao ,  Allen Capron Sievert ,  Shekhar Subramoney

发明人： Tammy Georgette Amos ,  Velliyur Nott Mallikarjuna Rao ,  Allen Capron Sievert ,  Shekhar Subramoney

IPC分类号： B01J21/00 ,  C07C17/00

CPC分类号： B01J23/86 ,  B01J23/002 ,  B01J23/26 ,  B01J35/0006 ,  B01J35/002 ,  B01J37/03 ,  B01J2523/00 ,  C07C17/25 ,  C07C17/37 ,  C07C21/18 ,  B01J2523/27 ,  B01J2523/67

摘要： A chromium-containing catalyst is disclosed which includes both ZnCr2O4 and crystalline α-chromium oxide. The ZnCr2O4 contains between about 10 atom percent and 67 atom percent of the chromium in the composition and at least about 70 atom percent of the zinc in the composition, and at least about 90 atom percent of the chromium present as chromium oxide in the composition is present as ZnCr2O4 or crystalline α-chromium oxide. Also disclosed are a method for preparing this composition comprising ZnCr2O4 and crystalline α-chromium oxide; and a chromium-containing catalyst composition prepared by treatment of the composition comprising ZnCr2O4 and crystalline α-chromium oxide with a fluorinating agent. Also disclosed is a process for changing the fluorine distribution in a halogenated hydrocarbon, or incorporating fluorine in a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon, in the presence of at least one composition selected from the group consisting of (i) the ZnCr2O4 and crystalline α-chromium oxide compositions and (ii) the ZnCr2O4 and crystalline α-chromium oxide compositions which have been treated with a fluorinating agent.

摘要翻译： 公开了一种含铬催化剂，其包括ZnCr 2 O 4 O 4和结晶α-氧化铬。 ZnCr 2 O 4 4含有组合物中铬的约10原子％至67原子％，组合物中的锌的至少约70原子％，以及 作为组合物中作为氧化铬存在的至少约90原子％的铬以ZnCr 2 O 4 O 4或结晶α-氧化铬存在。 还公开了一种制备该组合物的方法，该组合物包含ZnCr 2 O 4 O 4和结晶α-氧化铬; 以及通过用氟化剂处理包含ZnCr 2 O 4 O 4和结晶α-氧化铬的组合物制备的含铬催化剂组合物。 还公开了一种改变卤代烃中的氟分布或在饱和或不饱和烃中引入氟的方法，所述方法是在至少一种选自（i）ZnCr 2 SO 2 O 3和结晶α-氧化铬组合物和（ii）ZnCr 2 O 4 O 4和结晶α-氧化铬组合物，它们具有 用氟化剂处理。

公开(公告)号：US20080032053A1

公开(公告)日：2008-02-07

申请号：US11888383

申请日：2007-08-01

申请人： Kostantinos Kourtakis ,  Mark McKeever ,  Paul Bekiarian ,  Shekhar Subramoney ,  Maria Petrucci-Samija

发明人： Kostantinos Kourtakis ,  Mark McKeever ,  Paul Bekiarian ,  Shekhar Subramoney ,  Maria Petrucci-Samija

IPC分类号： C09J11/06 ,  B05D5/06

CPC分类号： G02B1/111 ,  C08J7/047 ,  C08J2427/00 ,  C08K5/0025 ,  C08L27/16

摘要： A low refractive index composition is provided comprising the reaction product of: (i) a cross-linkable polymer; (ii) a multiolefinic crosslinker; and (iii) a plurality of solid nanosilica particles; (iv) a plurality of porous nanosilica particles; (v) an oxysilane having at least one polymerizable functional group and at least one of a hydrolysis and condensation product of said oxysilane; and (vi) a free radical polymerization initiator; wherein the volume percent of the solid nanosilica particles is greater than 0 and less than or equal to about 20; the sum of the volume percent of the solid nanosilica particles and the volume percent of the porous nanosilica particles is less than or equal to about 45; and wherein volume percent is based on the sum of the dry volumes of the cross-linkable polymer, the multiolefinic crosslinker, the solid nanosilica particles and the porous nanosilica particles. Further provided is a liquid mixture for forming a low refractive index coating, an article comprising a substrate having an anti-reflective coating, and a method for forming an anti-reflective coating on a substrate.

摘要翻译： 提供了低折射率组合物，其包含以下反应产物：（i）可交联聚合物; （ii）多烯烃交联剂; 和（iii）多个固体纳米二氧化硅颗粒; （iv）多个多孔纳米二氧化硅颗粒; （v）具有至少一个可聚合官能团的氧基硅烷和所述氧基硅烷的水解和缩合产物中的至少一种; 和（vi）自由基聚合引发剂; 其中所述固体纳米二氧化硅颗粒的体积百分数大于0且小于或等于约20; 固体纳米二氧化硅颗粒的体积百分比和多孔纳米二氧化硅颗粒的体积百分比之和小于或等于约45; 并且其中体积百分数是基于可交联聚合物，多烯烃交联剂，固体纳米二氧化硅颗粒和多孔纳米二氧化硅颗粒的干体积的总和。 还提供了用于形成低折射率涂层的液体混合物，包含具有抗反射涂层的基材的制品，以及在基材上形成抗反射涂层的方法。