Abstract:
A method etching a glass material comprises providing an etchant comprising 10-30% HF, 5-15% HNO3,and at least 10% H3PO4 by volume constituted such that the ratio HF:HNO3 by volume is in the range of 1.7:1 to 2.3:1, providing a glass material to be etched, and contacting the glass material with the etchant. The etchant desirably has no other acid components. The method may be performed with the etchant temperature within the range of 20-30° C. The glass material may be an aluminosilicate glass. Ultrasound energy may be applied to the etchant, to the glass material, or both.
Abstract:
Methods for forming vias in glass substrates by laser drilling and acid etching are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method forming a via in a glass substrate includes laser drilling the via through at least a portion of a thickness of the glass substrate from an incident surface of the glass substrate. The method further includes etching the glass substrate for an etching duration to increase a diameter of an incident opening of the via and applying ultrasonic energy to the glass substrate during at least a portion of the etching duration. The applied ultrasonic energy has a frequency between 40 kHz and 192 kHz.
Abstract:
Methods for forming vias in glass substrates by laser drilling and acid etching are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method forming a via in a glass substrate includes laser drilling the via through at least a portion of a thickness of the glass substrate from an incident surface of the glass substrate. The method further includes etching the glass substrate for an etching duration to increase a diameter of an incident opening of the via and applying ultrasonic energy to the glass substrate during at least a portion of the etching duration. The applied ultrasonic energy has a frequency between 40 kHz and 192 kHz.
Abstract:
Described herein are methods of making metallic or elemental silver in the solid state. These methods generally include a step of forming an at least substantially solvent-free solid state reaction mixture that includes a silver-containing compound and an organic acid, followed by heating the reaction mixture at a temperature and for a time effective to form metallic silver from a cationic silver species of the silver-containing compound. Also described herein are metallic or elemental silver produced by these methods.
Abstract:
The disclosure relates, in various embodiments, to methods for forming activated carbon comprising (a) providing a feedstock mixture comprising a carbon feedstock, at least one activating agent chosen from alkali metal hydroxides, and at least one additive chosen from fats, oils, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and polyhydroxylated compounds to form a feedstock mixture; (b) optionally heating the feedstock mixture to a first temperature, and when a step of heating the feedstock mixture to a first temperature is performed, optionally holding the feedstock mixture at the first temperature for a time sufficient to react the at least one activating agent with the at least one additive; (c) optionally milling and/or grinding the feedstock mixture; (d) heating the feedstock mixture to an activation temperature; and (e) holding the feedstock mixture at the activation temperature for a time sufficient to form activated carbon.
Abstract:
Embodiments of a method of making a sorbent comprise providing a monolith having a plurality of internal channels, providing at least one silica coating onto walls of the plurality of internal channels by applying a silica coating solution, and providing at least one chitosan coating on the silica coating by applying a chitosan coating solution.
Abstract:
Methods for forming vias in glass substrates by laser drilling and acid etching are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method forming a via in a glass substrate includes laser drilling the via through at least a portion of a thickness of the glass substrate from an incident surface of the glass substrate. The method further includes etching the glass substrate for an etching duration to increase a diameter of an incident opening of the via and applying ultrasonic energy to the glass substrate during at least a portion of the etching duration. The applied ultrasonic energy has a frequency between 40 kHz and 192 kHz.
Abstract:
Described herein are methods of making metallic or elemental silver in the solid state. These methods generally include a step of forming an at least substantially solvent-free solid state reaction mixture that includes a silver-containing compound and an organic acid, followed by heating the reaction mixture at a temperature and for a time effective to form metallic silver from a cationic silver species of the silver-containing compound. Also described herein are metallic or elemental silver produced by these methods.
Abstract:
Described herein are methods of making metallic or elemental silver. These methods generally include a step of forming a reaction dispersion that includes a silver-containing compound, an organic acid, and a solvent that includes an alcohol, followed by mixing the reaction dispersion for a time and at a temperature effective to form a reaction product that includes metallic silver from a cationic silver species of the silver-containing compound. Also described herein are metallic or elemental silver produced by these methods.
Abstract:
Disclosed herein are testing apparatuses for testing stresses in substrates. The testing apparatus includes a base, a first plate coupled to the base, the first plate being movable relative to the base along a first axis, a second plate coupled to the base, the second plate being movable relative to the base and relative to the first plate along a second axis that is perpendicular to the first axis, a first actuator operable to move the first plate along the first axis towards or away from the second plate, a second actuator operable to move the second plate along the second axis relative to the first plate, and a controller operatively connected to the first actuator and the second actuator operable to control movement of the first plate and the second plate.